RGPV B.E Electronics&Communication 4th Semester (Grading System) Syllabus

                                     B.E. 401 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III


Unit I
Functions of complex variables : Analytic functions, Harmonic Conjugate, Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Line Integral, Cauchy’s Theorem, Cauchy’s Integral Formula, Singular Points, Poles & Residues, Residue Theorem , Application of Residues theorem for evaluation of real integrals

Unit II
Errors & Approximations, Solution of Algebraic & Trancedental Equations (Regula  Falsi , Newton- Raphson, Iterative, Secant Method), Solution of simultaneous linear equatins by Gauss Elimination, Gauss Jordan, Crout’s methods , Jacobi’s  and Gauss-Siedel Iterative methods

Unit III
Difference Operators, Interpolation ( Newton Forward & Backward Formulae, Central  Interpolation Formulae, Lagrange’s and divided difference formulae ),  Numerical Differentiation and Numerical Integration.

Unit IV
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations(Taylor’s Series, Picard’s Method, Modified Euler’s Method, Runge-Kutta Method, Milne’s Predictor & Corrector method ),  Correlation and Regression, Curve Fitting (Method of Least Square).

Unit  V
Concept of Probability : Probability Mass function, Probability density function. Discrete  Distribution: Binomial, Poisson’s, Continuous Distribution: Normal Distribution, Exponential Distribution ,Gamma Distribution ,Beta Distribution ,Testing of Hypothesis |:Students t-test,  Fisher’s z-test, Chi-Square Method



                                               EC-402 Electromagnetic Theory   



Unit I 
Review of vector calculus: orthogonal coordinate systems, gradient, divergence and curl. Laplacian operator for scalar and vectors. Vector integral and differential identities and theorems. Phasor representation of harmonic variation of scalar and vectors Static electric fields , Columb’s law, electric flux density and electric field intensity, permittivity, dielectric constant, field of distributed charges in free space, potential function, Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations, electric dipole, stored electric energy density. Boundary conditions at abrupt discontinuities between two media including conducting boundaries, surface charge distribution capacitance between two isolated conductors

Unit II 
Solution of Laplace’s equations in systems of dielectric and conducting boundaries, uniqueness theorem, two dimensional boundary condition problems, solution by symmetry, conformal transformation of functions, image theory etc. fields in parallel wire, parallel plane and coaxial systems. Static currents and magnetic fields - flow of charge in conductive media, lossy conductive medium, current density, specific conductivity, mobility, explanation of Ohm’s law employing mobility. Magnetic effects of current flow, Biot-Savart’s law in vector form magnetic field intensity, magnetic flux, and permeability, closed loop currents, Ampere’s circuital law in integral and differential vector form, magnetic vector potential and related equations. Problems related to straight wire toroidal and cylindrical solenoids, inductance. Boundary conditions on magnetic field, equivalent surface currents for abrupt discontinuity of magnetic field.

Unit III 
Time varying fields – Faraday’s law in integral and differential forms, displacement current concept, Maxwell’s equations in differential and integral forms, wave equations in source free region electric and magnetic stored energy density, continuity equation, Poynting vector theorem. Time harmonic fields, r.m.s. phasor representation of field vectors, Maxwell’s equations for TH field, average energy density, complex Poynting vector, duality concept. Helmholtz wave equation, general solution in free space in various coordinates, plane polarized wave in free space, properties of plane waves, wave front, power flow, stored energy density.

Unit IV 
Circular and elliptic polarization , resolution in terms of linear polarized waves and vice- versa. Plane waves in lossy medium, low loss dielectric, good conducting and ionized media, complex permittivity, loss tangent, skin depth, transmission line analogy, boundary conditions at perfect conductor surface, surface current density Interference of two plane waves traveling at oblique directions.

Unit V 
Reflection and refraction of plane waves at dielectric media and conducting Surfaces, Brewster’s angle, total internal reflection, resultant fields and power flow in both media. Frequency dispersive propagation, phase velocity and group velocity. Magnetic vector potential for sources in free space, retarded potential, radiation principles, boundary condition at infinity



                                                            EC-403 Digital Electronics


Unit-I
Review of Number systems and Binary codes , Binary arithmetic – addition, subtraction, multiplication and division algorithms. Boolean algebra : theorems and functions, Simplification of Boolean functions, minimization techniques, Karnaugh's map method, Quine and McCluskey's method, realization of various binary functions using AND ,OR , NOT,XOR logic gates.

Unit-II
Universal gates : NAND, NOR, realization of boolean function using universal gates. Half and full adder, half and full subtractor, Series and parallel adder, BCD adders, lookahead carry generator. Decoders, Encoders, multiplexers and de-multiplexers. Analysis and design of combination circuits, realization of various Boolean functions using NAND, NOR gates and multiplexers.

Unit-III
Multivibrators : Astable, Monostable and bistable multivibrators, 555 timer chip and its application in multivibrators. Flip-Flops : R-S, Clocked R-S, T, D, J-K, race around problem, Master-slave J-K., State and Excitation Tables. Shift registers and counters :synchronous and asynchronous counters, Binary ripple counter, up-down counter, Johnson and ring counter. Analysis and Design of Sequential Circuits.

Unit-IV
Semiconductor memories : Organization and construction of RAM, SRAM, DRAM, RAMBUS ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, PAL and PLAs etc

Unit-V
Logic families : RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, IIL, PMOS, NMOS and CMOS logic etc. Interfacing between TTL and MOS, vice-versa.


List of Experiments :
Step 1: Circuit should be designed/drafted on paper.
Step 2: The designed/drafted circuit should be tested on the bread board.
Step 3: The bread board circuit should be fabricated on PCB by one batch using PCB machine.

1. To test and study of operation of all logic Gates for various IC's.
2. Implementation of AND, OR, NOT, NOR, X-OR and X-NOR Gates by NAND and NOR Universal gates.
3. Binary Addition by Half Adder and Full Adder circuit.
4. Binary Subtraction by Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor circuit.
5. Design a BCD to excess-3 code converter.
6. Verification of the Demorgan's Theorem.
7. Study of RS, JK, T & D flip-flops.
8. Multiplexer/Demultiplexer based boolean function realization.
9. Study and Application of 555 timer (Astable, Monostable, Schmitt trigger, VCO



                                               EC-404 Electronic Circuits



Unit-I
Amplifier Basics , Transistor as an amplifier, load line, Q-point and its selection criteria, designing of fixed bias and self-bias, stability of biasing circuits, calculation of stability factor. Transistor at low frequency : frequency response, bandwidth, h-parameter analysis of CC, CB and CE configuration, simplified model, gain and impedance calculation of single stage amplifier. Transistor at high frequency , high frequency model (hybrid-
π ), Parameters and their definition, Miller capacitance
and its effect on voltage gain,

Unit-II  
Feedback amplifier : positive and negative feedback loop gain, effect of negative feedback on gain stability, distortion, bandwidth, input and output impedance of amplifier, types of feedback (voltage, current, series and shunt) and their analysis. Oscillators : condition of sustained oscillation, RC phase shift, LC (Hartley and Collpit) Oscillators, Wein Bridge, Negative resistance (Tunnel diode and UJT) oscillators, crystal oscillators.

Unit III
Power amplifier , classification, operation, analysis and design of Class A, Class B, Class-AB, Class C, transformer coupled, push pull and complementary symmetry amplifiers, power dissipation in transistors (Pdmax rating) and efficiency calculations. Tuned amplifier and its applications, Q factor, selectivity and bandwidth, effect of loading, double tuning (synchronous and stagger)

Unit IV  
Cascade amplifiers , Calculation of gain, Input and output impedance, Effect of Cascading on bandwidth, Transformer, RC and direct-coupled amplifier and their performance. Darlington connection , equivalent circuit and Calculation of gain and impedances, Cascade amplifier: advantage, circuit diagram and analysis, feedback pair and applications of BIFET, Bootstrapping technique. Differential amplifier - configuration, transfer characteristics, DC analysis, h-parameter analysis, differential and common mode gain, CMRR, constant current source and current mirror, level shift.

Unit-V  
Operational amplifier (IC741), specifications, ideal and practical characteristics, frequency response, unity gain bandwidth, limitations, slew rate and its effect on full power bandwidth, input offset voltage, bias and offset currents, compensation. Applications of Op-Amp: I nverting and non-inverting amplifier Analog computation, summer (inverting and non- inverting), averager, integrator, differentiator, scalar, sign changer, phase changer, multiplier, buffer, Differential amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, comparator, Schmitt trigger, precision rectifier, log and antilog amplifier, voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage converter.

List of Experiments: 
Step 1: Circuit should be designed/drafted on paper. 
Step 2: The designed/drafted circuit should be tested on the bread board 
Step 3: The bread board circuit should be fabricated on PCB by one batch using PCB machine.

1. Characteristics of Op-Amp (input offset voltage, slew rate, CMRR, BW, input bias current.
2. Linear application of Op-Amp (voltage follower, inverting and non-inverting amplifier and their frequency response, adder, substractor, differential amplifier, integrator and differential frequency response)
3. To design and construct a shunt and series regulator and find line and load regulation.
4. Design and performance evaluation of transistor amplifiers in CE, CB and CC configuration
5. Design and performance evaluation of FET amplifiers.



  
                                                          EC-405 Analog Communication


Unit-I  
Signal Analysis: Vectors and signals, orthogonal functions, Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum, Fourier Transform, Time domain and frequency domain representation of a signal, Existence of the FT, FT of some useful functions like exponential signal single sided & double sided, Gate function, singularity functions, FT of various functions, Properties of FT, Convolution, Convolution with Impulse Function.  Signal Energy and Power: Spectral Density of various types of signals, Spectra (Parseval’s Theorem), Density Spectra of Periodic Gate and Impulse train. Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems Casual and Non Causal System, Distortion less System, Impulse Response of Distortion less System, Ideal Filter and Practical Filter.

Unit-II  
Modulation Techniques : Need and types of modulation techniques, Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Spectrum, Power Distribution, Modulation by Complex Signal, Low Level and High Level AM Modulators, Linear Integrated Circuit AM Modulators, Suppressed Carrier Generation (Balance/Chopper and Square Law Modulation), SSB Generator (Phase and Frequency Discrimination Method), VSB Transmission and Application. Detection of AM signals: Envelope Detector Circuit, RC Time Constant, Synchronous Detection Technique, Error in Synchronous Detection, SSB signal detection, PLL and its use in demodulation.

Unit-III  
Angle Modulation : Frequency and Phase Modulation Frequency spectrum, bandwidth requirement, Frequency and Phase Deviation, Modulation Index, NBFM and WBFM, Multiple frequencies FM. FM Modulators: Direct (Parameter Variation Method) and Indirect (Armstrong) Method of frequency modulation. FM Detector: Slope Detector, Foster Seely Discriminator, Ratio Detector and PLL detectors.

Unit-IV  
Radio Transmitters : AM transmitter, block diagram and working of Low Level and High Level Transmitters, Trapezoidal Pattern and Carrier Shift, SSB Transmitters, FM transmitters - Frequency Multiplication Applied to FM Signals, FM transmitters. Radio Receivers : Block Diagram of Radio Receiver, Receiver Characteristics (Selectivity, Fidelity and Sensitivity), AM Receiver, RF Receiver, Super-heterodyne Receiver, RF Amplifier, Frequency Mixer, AVC and AFC, Image Signal, Intermediate Frequency Selection, Diversity Reception, FM Receiver.

Unit-V  
Noise : Sources and types of noise and their power density, White Noise, Noise from Single and Multiple noise source for Linear Systems, Super Position of Power Spectrum, Equivalent Noise Bandwidth, Noise Figure, and Equivalent Noise Temperature, their Relationship, Calculation of Noise Figure and Noise Temperature for Cascade Systems,

List of Experiments :
Step 1: Circuit should be designed/drafted on paper. 
Step 2: The designed/drafted circuit should be tested on the bread board. 
Step 3: The bread board circuit should be fabricated on PCB by one batch using PCB machine.

1. Analysis of AM Modulation and Demodulation Techniques (Transmitter and Receiver), Calculation of Parameters
2. Analysis of FM Modulation and Demodulation (Transmitter and Receiver) and Calculation of Parameters 3. To Construct and Verify Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis and Plot the Waveforms.
4. Study of Super-heterodyne Receiver and Characteristics of Radio Receiver.
5. To Construct Frequency Multiplier Circuit and to Observe the Waveform
6. Study of AVC and AFC.
7. Study of PLL chip (566) and its use in various systems



                                                         COURSE: EC-406 Software Lab-II


ADVANCED SIMULATION/ VERIFICATION SOFTWARE
Study of simulation/ verification software (any one- LAB-VIEW/KTECHLAB/ GNU CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS PACKAGE/ LOGISIM/ MULTISIM/ SCILAB etc). 
Overview and Study of the key features and applications of the software.  Application of the software in the field of Electronic Circuits, Digital Electronics and Analog Communication. Design, Optimization, simulation and verification of  1. Electronic circuits (example amplifiers, oscillators etc). 2. Realization and verification of various digital electronic circuits (example logic gates, adders, subtractors etc) 3. Realization of various signals and communication link etc.
Students should simulate and verify atleast six circuits they are learning in the current semester.