RGPV B.Pharmacy 3rd Semester CBCS Syllabus

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III(ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –II ) (Theory)

General methods of preparation and reaction of compounds superscripted with (*) to be explained.

To emphasize on definition, types, classification, principles/mechanisms, applications, examples

and differences:

Benzene and its derivatives

Analytical, synthetic and other evidences in the derivation of structure of benzene, Orbital picture,

resonance in benzene, aromatic characters, Huckel’s rule.

Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel crafts alkylationreactivity,

limitations, Friedel crafts acylation.

Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene

compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction .

Structure and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine

Phenols*

Acidity of phenols, effect of substituents on acidity, qualitative tests, Structure and uses of phenol,

cresols, resorcinol, naphthols.

Aromatic Amines*

Basicity of amines, effect of substituents on basicity, and synthetic uses of aryl diazonium salts

Fats and Oils

Fatty acids – reactions.

Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Saponification and Rancidity of oils, Drying oils.

Analytical constants – Acid value, Saponification value, Ester value, Iodine value, Acetyl value,

Reichert Meissl (RM) value – significance and principle involved in their determination.

Polynuclear hydrocarbons

Synthesis, reactions

Structure and medicinal uses of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Diphenylmethane,

Triphenylmethane and their derivatives

Cyclo alkanes*

Stabilities – Baeyer’s strain theory, limitation of Baeyer’s strain theory, Coulson and Moffitt’s

modification, Sachse Mohr’s theory (Theory of strainless rings), reactions of cyclopropane and

cyclobutane only.

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd

2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar , Volume-I

3. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl.

4. Organic Chemistry by P.L.Soni

5. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.

6. Vogel’s text book of Practical Organic Chemistry

7. Advanced Practical organic chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.

8. Introduction to Organic Laboratory techniques by Pavia, Lampman and Kriz.

 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III(ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –II ) (Practical)

1. Experiments involving laboratory techniques

 Recrystallization

 Steam distillation

2. Determination of following oil values (including standardization of reagents)

 Acid value

 Saponification value

 Iodine value

3. Preparation of compounds

 Benzanilide/Phenyl benzoate/Acetanilide from Aniline/ Phenol /Aniline by acylation

 reaction.

 2,4,6-Tribromo aniline/Para bromo acetanilide from Aniline/ Acetanilide by halogenation

 (Bromination) reaction.

 5-Nitro salicylic acid/Meta di nitro benzene from Salicylic acid / Nitro benzene by nitration

 reaction.

 Benzoic acid from Benzyl chloride by oxidation reaction.

 Benzoic acid/ Salicylic acid from alkyl benzoate/ alkyl salicylate by hydrolysis reaction.

 1-Phenyl azo-2-napthol from Aniline by diazotization and coupling reactions.

 Benzil from Benzoin by oxidation reaction.

 Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde by Claison Schmidt reaction

 Cinnammic acid from Benzaldehyde by Perkin reaction

 p-Iodo benzoic acid from p-amino benzoic acid

 PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory)

Drug stability: 

Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic rate

constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the

chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength, dielectric

constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems. Stabilization of

medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability

testing in dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention

Rheology: 

Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, nonNewtonian

systems, pseudoplastic, dilatants, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,

determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers.

Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic

Modulus

Coarse dispersion: 

Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in

suspensions, formulation of suspensions, emulsions and theories of emulsification. Physical

stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions, phase

equilibria and emulsion formulation.

Surface and interfacial phenomenon: 

Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions, surface

free energy, measurement of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at

liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB Scale, solubilisation, detergency, adsorption at solid

interface.

Colloidal dispersions: 

Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size &

shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general

properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation,

peptization & protective action.

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition

2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.

3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.

4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, Marcel

 Dekkar Inc.

6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3.

Marcel Dekkar Inc.

7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan

 PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS- II (Practical)

 1. Determination of surface tension of given liquids by drop count and drop weight method

 2. Determination of HLB number of a surfactant by saponification method

 3. Determination of Freundlich and Langmuir constants using activated char coal

 4. Determination of critical micellar concentration of surfactants

 5. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer

 6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent

 7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single

 suspending agent

 8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer

 9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.

10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order

11. Accelerated stability studies

 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory)

Body fluids and blood

Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of hemoglobin, anemia,

mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors, transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood.

Lymphatic system

Lymphatic organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph circulation and functions of lymphatic system

Cardiovascular system

Heart – anatomy of heart, blood circulation, blood vessels, structure and functions of artery, vein and

capillaries, elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its regulation by autonomic nervous  system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram and disorders

of heart.

Digestive system

Anatomy of GI Tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach, ( Acid production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through parasympathetic nervous system, pepsin role in protein digestion) small intestine and large intestine, anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver,movements of GIT, digestion and absorption of nutrients and disorders of GIT.

Respiratory system

Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs, mechanism of respiration,

regulation of respiration, Lung volumes and capacities, transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,resuscitation methods.

Urinary system

Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney and disorders of kidney.

Reproductive system

Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition.

Introduction to genetics

Chromosomes, genes and DNA, protein synthesis, genetic pattern of inheritance

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.

2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, Newyork

3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co,Riverview,MI USA

4. Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C,Guyton andJohn.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.

5. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.

6. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh , Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.

7. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai , Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.

8. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co, Riverview, MI USA

2. Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C, Guyton and John. E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.

3. Human Physiology (vol 1 and 2) by Dr. C.C. Chatterrje ,Academic Publishers Kolka

 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Practical)

1. Introduction to hemocytometry.

2. Enumeration of white blood cell (WBC) count

3. Enumeration of total red blood corpuscles (RBC) count

4. Determination of bleeding time and clotting time

5. Determination of clotting time

6. Estimation of hemoglobin content

7. Determination of blood group.

8. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

9. Determination of heart rate and pulse rate.

10. Recording of blood pressure.

11. Determination of tidal volume and vital capacity.

12. Study of digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems, urinary and reproductive systems with the help of models, charts and specimens.

13. Recording of basal mass index.

14. Study of family planning devices and pregnancy diagnosis test.

15. Demonstration of total blood count by cell analyzer.

16. Permanent slides of vital organs and gonads.

 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)

Introduction, history of microbiology, its branches, scope and its importance.

Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Study of ultra-structure and morphological classification of bacteria, nutritional requirements,

raw materials used for culture media and physical parameters for growth, growth curve,

isolation and preservation methods for pure cultures, cultivation of anaerobes, quantitative

measurement of bacterial growth (total & viable count).

Study of different types of phase microscopy, dark field microscopy and electron microscopy.

Identification of bacteria using staining techniques (simple, Gram’s & Acid fast staining) and

biochemical tests (IMViC).

Study of principle, procedure, merits, demerits and applications of Physical, chemical and

mechanical method of sterilization.

Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.

Equipments employed in large scale sterilization.

Sterility indicators.

Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of Fungi and

Virus.

Classification and mode of action of disinfectants

Factors influencing disinfection, antiseptics and their evaluation.

Evaluation of bactericidal & Bacteriostatic.

Sterility testing of products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according

to IP, BP and USP.

Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipments; study of different sources of

contamination in an aseptic area and methods of prevention, clean area classification.

Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods for standardization of

antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids.

Assessment of a new antibiotic and testing of antimicrobial activity of a new substance.

General aspects-environmental cleanliness.

Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products,

sources and types of microbial contaminants, assessment of microbial contamination and

spoilage.

Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents, evaluation of microbial

stability of formulations.

Growth of animal cells in culture, general procedure for cell culture, Primary, established and

transformed cell cultures.

Application of cell cultures in pharmaceutical industry and research.

Recommended Books (Latest edition)

1. W. B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific

publications, Oxford London.

2. Prescott and Dunn., Industrial Microbiology, 4th edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors,

Delhi.

3. Pelczar, Chan Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill edn.

4. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.

5. Rose: Industrial Microbiology.

6. Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan

7. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publisher and Distribution.

8. Peppler: Microbial Technology.

9. I.P., B.P., U.S.P. - latest editions.

10. Ananthnarayan: Text Book of Microbiology, Orient-Longman, Chennai

11. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology.

12. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi

13. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins- A Waverly company

 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Practical)

1. Introduction and study of different equipments and processing, e.g., B.O.D. incubator, laminar flow, aseptic hood, autoclave, hot air sterilizer, deep freezer, refrigerator, microscopes used in experimental microbiology.

2. Sterilization of glassware, preparation and sterilization of media.

3. Sub culturing of bacteria and fungus. Nutrient stabs and slants preparations.

4. Staining methods- Simple, Grams staining and acid fast staining (Demonstration).

5. Staining methods- Simple, Grams staining and acid fast staining (Student Practical)

6. Isolation of pure culture of micro-organisms by multiple streak plate technique.

7. Microbiological assay of antibiotics by cup plate method.

8. Motility determination by Hanging drop method.

9. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.

10. Bacteriological analysis of water

11. Biochemical test (IMViC reactions)

12. Revision Practical Class

 BIOCHEMISTRY (Theory)

Carbohydrate metabolism

 Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance

 Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance

 HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

 Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

 Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance

 Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus

Biological oxidation

 Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.

 Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level phosphorylation

 Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers

Lipid metabolism

 β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)

 Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis

 De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)

 Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid

hormone and vitamin D

 Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.

Amino acid metabolism

 General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination and decarboxylation,

urea cycle and its disorders

 Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria,

Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia)

 Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline,

adrenaline

 Catabolism of heme; hyperbillirubinemia and jaundice

Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer

 Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

 Catabolism of purine nucleotides and hyperuricemia and gout disease

 Organization of mammalian genome

 Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions

 DNA replication (semi conservative model)

 Transcription or RNA synthesis

 Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

Biomolecules

 Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic

acids, amino acids and proteins.

Bioenergetics

 Concept of free energy, undergone and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy,

enthalpy and entropy, Redox potential.

 Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP

Enzymes

 Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes

 Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)

 Enzyme inhibitors with examples

 Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation

 Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes

 Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger.

2. Harper’s Biochemistry by Robert K. Murry, Daryl K. Granner and Victor W. Rodwell.

3. Biochemistry by Stryer.

4. Biochemistry by D. Satyanarayan and U.Chakrapani.

5. Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao.

6. Textbook of Biochemistry by Deb.

7. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf

8. Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargavan.

9. Introduction of Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer. (3rd Edition)

10. Practical Biochemistry for Medical students by Rajagopal and Ramakrishna.

11. Practical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.

 BIOCHEMISTRY (Practical)

1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates (Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose and

starch)

2. Identification tests for Proteins (albumin and Casein)

3. Quantitative analysis of reducing sugars (DNSA method) and Proteins (Biuret method)

4. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents

5. Determination of blood creatinine

6. Determination of blood sugar

7. Determination of serum total cholesterol

8. Preparation of buffer solution and measurement of pH

9. Study of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

10. Determination of Salivary amylase activity

11. Study the effect of Temperature on Salivary amylase activity.

12. Study the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity.

 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY (Theory)

Number system: 

Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system,

Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to binary etc,

binary addition, binary subtraction – One’s complement ,Two’s complement method, binary

multiplication, binary division.

Concept of Information Systems and Software:

Information gathering, requirement and feasibility

analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning

and managing the project.

Web technologies: 

Introduction to HTML, XML, CSS and Programming languages, introduction to

web servers and Server Products.

Introduction to databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug database.

Application of computers in Pharmacy – 

Drug information storage and retrieval, Pharmacokinetics,

Mathematical model in Drug design, Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, Electronic Prescribing and

discharge (EP) systems, barcode medicine identification and automated dispensing of drugs, mobile

technology and adherence monitoring.

Diagnostic System, Lab-diagnostic System, Patient Monitoring System, Pharma Information System.

Bioinformatics: Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Databases, Concept of

Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery.

Computers as data analysis in Preclinical development: Chromatographic dada analysis

(CDS), Laboratory Information management System (LIMS) and Text Information Management

System (TIMS).

Recommended books (Latest edition):

1. Computer Application in Pharmacy – William E. Fassett –Lea and Febiger, 600 South

Washington Square, USA, (215) 922-1330.

2. Computer Application in Pharmaceutical Research and Development –Sean Ekins – WileyIntescience,

A John Willey and Sons, INC., Publication, USA

3. Bioinformatics (Concept, Skills and Applications) – S. C. Rastogi-CBS Publishers and

Distributiors 4596/1- A, 11 Darya Gani, New Delhi – 110 002(INDIA)

4. Microsoft office Access - 2003, Application Development Using VBA, SQL Server, DAP and

Infopath – Cary N. Prague – Wiley Dreamtech India (P) Ltd., 4435/7, Ansari Road, Daryagani,

New Delhi - 110002

 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY (Theory)

1. Design a questionnaire using a word processing package to gather information about a particular disease.

2. Create a HTML web page to show personal information.

3. Retrieve the information of a drug and its adverse effects using online tools

4. Creating mailing labels Using Label Wizard , generating label in MS WORD

5. Create a database in MS Access to store the patient information with the required fields Using access

6. Design a form in MS Access to view, add, delete and modify the patient record in the database

7. Generating report and printing the report from patient database

8. Creating invoice table using – MS Access

9. Drug information storage and retrieval using MS Access

10. Creating and working with queries in MS Access

11. Exporting Tables, Queries, Forms and Reports to web pages

12. Exporting Tables, Queries, Forms and Reports to XML pages

Continue Reading →

RGPV B.Pharmacy 1st Semester Syllabus

                                                REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS – PY 101(A)  

UNIT I Algebra: Equation reducible to quadratics, Simultaneous equations (linear and quadratic), Determinations. Properties of solution of simultaneous equations by Cramer’s rule, Matrices, definition of special kinds of matrices, arithmetic operations on matrices, inverse of a matrix.  Solution of simultaneous equations by matrices, pharmaceutical applications of determinants and matrices, Evaluation on Enl, En2 and En3.

UNIT II Menstruation and its pharmaceutical applications.  Measures of Central Value objectives and pre-requisites of an ideal measure, Mean, Mode and median.

UNIT III Trigonometry: Measurement of angle, T-ratios, addition, subtraction and transformation formulae, T-ratios of multiple, sub multiple, allied and certain angles.  Application of logarithms in pharmaceutical computations.  

UNIT IV  Analytical plane Geometry: Certain Co-ordinates, Distance between two points, area of triangle, a locus of points, straight line, slope and intercept form, double-intercept form, normal (perpendicular form), slope-point and two point form, general equation of first degree.

UNIT V Calculus: Differential: Limits and functions, definition of differential coefficient, Differentiation of standard functions including function of a function (Chain rule).  Differentiation of implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric differentiation, successive differentiation. Integral: Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration by parts, substitution and partial fractions, formal evaluation of definite integrals.
                   


                                                 Remedial Biology  – PY 101(B)  


1. Plant Anatomy and Physiology :  i. Morphology and Anatomy of flowering plant and its parts like root, stem, bark, wood, leaf, flower, fruit and seed. Modification of root and stem. ii. Transportation, photosynthesis and respiration in plants, Plant growth and development. iii. Structure of plant cell, Different types of plant tissues and their functions.                                                                                                            

2. Structure and functions :  i. Cell- the unit of life. ii. Biomolecules – Lipids, polysaccharides, Proteins, and nucleic acids. Enzymes and cofactors , their classification , chemistry, mechanism of action and factors affecting enzyme activity. iii. Cell cycle and cell division, stages of mitosis and meiosis, and their significance.

3. Living systems i. Biological classification – Five kigdoms Monera, Prostita, Fungi, plantae and animalia. Viruses, viroids and lichens. ii. Animal kingdom - Classification and its basis iii. Plant kingdom – Algae, bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. Plant life cycles and alteration of generations.

4. Genetics and Evolution : i. Principles of inheritance and variation – Mendals laws, inheritance of one gene and two gene, sex determination, mutation and genetic disorders. ii. Molecular basis of inheritance – DNA, RNA, Replication, Transcription, Genetic code, Translation, regulation of gene expression, DNA fingerprinting, Human Genome Project. iii. Evolution – Origin of life, theory of evolution of life forms, Evidences for evolution, Adaptive radiation, Biological evolution, Hardy- Weinberg principle.

List of Experiments  

1. To study the simple and compound microscope.
2. To study the microscopic section of the Monocot and Dicot plant.
3. To identify the part of the plant by given section (root).
 4. To identify the part of the plant by given section (stem).
5. To identify the part of the plant by given section (bark).
6. To identify the part of the plant by given section (leaf).
7. To identify the part of the plant by given section (seed).
8. To identify and differentiate the parts of the given plant sample morphologically.



                       PHARMACEUTICS –I (Introduction to pharmaceutics) -PY 103  


1. History of pharmaceutical practice through ages. Various system of medicines. Significance of pharmacopoeias with special reference to Indian, British, United States, International and Extra pharmacopoeias.

2. Routes of administration and classification of pharmaceutical dosage form.

3. Definition, general formulation, principles and procedures adopted for dispensing and official products of the following-  Aromatic waters, Solutions, Syrups ,Mixtures, Spirits, Elixers, Linctuses, lotions, liniments, Mixtures, Glycerites, Gargles, Mouth washes, Inhalations powders, Capsules, Tablet triturates, Ointments, Creams, pastes, Suppositories and ophthalmics, Emulsions, Suspension, Milk and Magmas, Mucilages, Jellies, Infusion, Decoctions, Tinctures and Extracts.

4. Pharmaceutical Calculation: Different systems of weights and measures, Dilution  and conc. of solutions, Percentage solution, Calculation by allegation, Proof Spirits, Calculation of doses, Displacement value.      

5.   Detailed methods employed in the preparation of plant extractives.


LIST OF PRCTICALS

1. Study Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States
Pharmacopoeia and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
2. Prepare and submit Camphor Water I.P.
3. Prepare and submit Chloroform Water I.P.
4. Prepare and submit Conc. Dill Water I.P.
5. Prepare and submit Aqueous Iodine Solution I.P.
6. Prepare and submit Weak Iodine Solution I.P.
7. Prepare and submit Strong Iodine Solution I.P.
8. Prepare and submit Cresol with Soap Solution I.P.
9. Prepare and submit chloroxylenol Solution I.P.
10. Prepare and submit Simple Syrup I.P.
11. Prepare and submit Simple syrup U.S.P.
12. Prepare and submit Chloroform Spirit I.P.
13. Prepare and submit Simple elixir I.P.
14. Prepare and submit Calamine Lotion I.P.
15. Prepare and submit Calamine Lotion USP, oily.
16. Prepare and submit Turpentine Liniment I.P.
17. Prepare and submit Liquid Paraffin Emulsion I.P
18. Prepare and submit Tragacanth Mucilage I.P.
19. Prepare and submit Milk of Magnesia I.P
20. Prepare and submit Bentonite Magma U.S.P.
21. Prepare and submit Borax Glycerin I.P.
22. Prepare and submit Tannic acid Glycerin I.P.
23. Prepare and submit Mandle’s Paint. B.P.
24. Prepare and submit Simple Linctuses I.P.
25. Prepare and submit Menthol and Eucalyptus Inhalation B.P.C
26. Prepare and submit orange / lemon Tincture I.P. 27. Prepare and submit compound benzoin Tincture I.P.
28. To prepare & submit codeine linctuses NFI , BNF.
29. To prepare & submit zinc sulphate & zinc chloride mouthwash IP.
30. To prepare & submit Potassium permanganate gargle NFI 1979.
31. To prepare & submit salicylic acid lotion BPC.
32. To prepare magnesium trisilicate mixture BPC.
33. To prepare & submit Chalk mixture pediatric BPC.
34. To prepare & submit magnesium hydroxide mixture BP.
35. To prepare & submit castor oil emulsion NFI .
36. To prepare & submit liquid paraffin & magnesium hydroxide emulsion BPC.
37. To prepare & submit lubricating gel.
38. To prepare & submit Peppermint water IP.
39. To prepare & submit sodium chloride solution IP.
40. To prepare & submit sodium chloride mouthwash .
41. To prepare & submit oral rehydration salt BP.
42. To prepare & submit soap liniment.
43. To prepare & submit sodium alginate jelly.
44. To prepare & submit lubricating jelly with cellulose ether base.
45. To prepare & submit compound syrup of ferrous phosphate IP 55 (Parrishs Food)
by chemical interaction.          



                                  Pharmaceutical Chemistry I -PY 104 (Physical Chemistry) 


1. Atomic, Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding
Atomic Structure Origin of the elements, valency, the mole concept, molar mass, compounds, chemical formulae. Introduction to atomic structure.  Electronic configuration of atoms and relationship to structure of the Periodic Table. Properties of atoms, size, ionization potential, electronegativities etc. Quantum numbers, orbitals and the Aufbau process. Rydberg formula, Bohr atom, dual wave/particle nature of light and electrons. Angular and radial wavefunctions of atomic orbitals. H atom spectrum.
Molecular structure and chemical bonding: LCAO approximation, molecular orbital theory and molecular orbital energy level diagrams. Polarisation and polarisibility of molecules. Molecular orbital electronic configuration of homonuclear diatomic molecules. Hydrogen bonding. Valence bond theory- important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, d and f orbitals, shapes of molecules, VSEPR theory. Electron spin. Polyelectronic atoms and the orbital approximation. Quantum Mechanics
Postulates of quantum mechanics: Eigenvalues and expectation values. Time independent Schrodinger equation. The Born interpretation of the wavefunction. Solutions for particles in boxes. Schrodinger equation applied to vibrational and rotational motion. Interelectronic repulsion: SCF methodology and Hartree-Fock wavefunctions. Slater type orbitals. Spin-orbit coupling. Atomic states and Hund's rules.

2. Physico-chemical properties of substances
Polarity of substances, dipole moment, dielectric constant, refractive index, optical rotation, density, specific gravity, viscosity, molar refraction, parachor relative permitivity, Bonding and non-bonding interactions, roentgen diffraction, polymorphism, isomorphism, isotropy, anisotropy, liquid crystals.

3. Thermodynamics
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. spontaneity of chemical change; Free Energy. Equilibrium; Enthalpy and Entropy and spontaneous change First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, standard state, thermochemistry, thermochemical laws, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess's law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ioniz-ation and solution. Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG
of the system as criteria for spontaneity, ΔGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
Third Law of Thermodynamics: calculation of absolute entropies; specific heat; variation in enthalpy with temperature.
Helmholtz and Gibbs energies, chemical potential, conception of absolute entropy. Calculations involving entropy and enthalpy; dealing with ions etc. Variation of G and K with temperature: Ellingham Diagrams, Giauque Function.

4. Chemical equilibrium
 Law of chemical equilibrium, Equilibrium constant, equilibrium degree of conversion and its control by reaction, conditions, LeChatelier principle, standard change of Gibbs energy during reaction, Equilibrium constants and their significance, Factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature , effect of catalyst.   Acid-base catalysis, decomposition of medicinal compounds, accelerated stability analysis, kinetics of enzyme catalysed reactions.
Integrated rate equations for simple reaction types. Use of integrated rate equations to determine order. Fractional lives. Molecularity vs. order Kinetics of more complex reactions: approach to equilibrium, parallel and consecutive reactions. Rate determining step. Steady state approximation and its uses. Effect of temperature on rate and rate constant. Arrhenius equation, significance of activation energy. Kinetics of reactions in the gas phase - simple collision theory. Reactions in solution - transition state theory. Enthalpy and entropy of activation. Effects of solvent polarity and viscosity on rates of reaction.
Further applications of the steady state approximation - radical chain reactions. General definitions. Stoichiometry vs mechanism. Dependence of rate on concentration: rate constant and order of reaction. Experimental determination of rates of reaction. Determination of orders from rate measurements.

5. Phase equilibrium
Gibbs phase rule, types of systems, one component equilibrium, Clapeyron and
Clausius-Clapeyron equations, two component systems, Henry´s law, sparingly
miscible liquids, solubility of solid substances, system solid substance - solvent,
melts, Raoult´s law and its application, cryoscopy and ebullioscopy, osmotic
pressure, three component systems, Nernst distribution law, extraction, ternary
diagram, system of three liquids, interfacial phenomena, adsorption on solid
surfaces. Phase diagram of mixture fractional distillation, eutectic mixtures.

6. Surface Chemistry
Adsorption : Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - -Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism. acid base catalysis, theories of catalysis, catalytic poisoning and Pharmaceutical application of catalysis.

7. States of Matter
Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases; Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants.
Liquid State: Solutions, Lowering of vapour pressure and Raoult's Law, osmosis and osmotic pressure, measurement of osmotic pressure, isotonic solutions, pharmaceutical applications of osmosis, theories of semipermeable membranes, colligative properties, elevation of boiling point and its experimental determination, depression of freezing point and its determination, distribution law and solvent extraction method, electrolyte and non electrolytes, Debye-Huckel theory, ionic equilibria in blood, characterization of acid base functional groups.  
Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.  


List of Practicals

1. Determination of specific gravity of liquids using pycnometer and density bottle.
2. To study the effect of salt/Sugar in different concentration on density of water.
3. To study the effect of temperature on density of given liquid .
4. Determination of the viscosity of a liquid by Ostwald viscometer.
5. To study the effect of concentration on viscosity.
6. To study the effect of temperature on viscosity
7. Determination of the percent composition of a mixture of ethanol and water by viscometric method.
8. Determination of the surface tension of a pure liquid by the capillary rise method.
9. To determine the surface tension of liquid using stalagmometer.
10. To study the effect of temperature on surface tension.
11. To study the effect of surfactant on surface tension.
12. Determination of the percentage composition of mixture of ethanol and water by surface tension method. 13. Determination of interfacial tension between benzene and water by the drop size method.
14. Determination of the parachor value of an organic liquid.
15. Determination of solubility of benzoic acid over a range of temperatures and calculation of its heat of solution.
16. Determination of the mutual solubility curve of phenol and water.
17. Preparation of buffer solutions and measurement of pH.
18. Distillation of a mixture.
19. Determination of phase diagram in ternary system containing a single pair of sparingly miscible liquids.  20. Determination of distribution coefficient of substance between two immiscible liquids . (succinic acid between ether and distilled water).


                                 
                                Pharmaceutical Chemistry II PY 105 (Inorganic Chemistry) 


1. Elements and periodicity Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

2. Sources of impurities in pharmaceutical substances Importance of limit test and general principles and procedure for limit tests of chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, lead and heavy metals.

3. Essential and Trace Elements Study the role of essential and trace elements in biological systems and their toxicity.
Major Intra and extra cellular electrolytes: Major physiological ions, electrolytes used in replacement therapy, physiological acids-base balance, electrolytes used in acid-base therapy, electrolyte combination therapy.

4. Inorganic Agents
Occurrence, preparation, physical characteristics, chemical properties, purity test, incompatibilities, assay and pharmaceutical uses of inorganic official compounds of the following elements;
Aluminum, Sodium, Magnesium, Lithium, Calcium, Iron, Copper, Silver, Antimony, Iodine, Boran, Potassium, Zinc, Nitrogen

5.Reagents: Preparation, properties and uses of the following reagents; Nesslers reagent, boron trifluoride, Grignard reagent, Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine solution.

6. Radiopharmaceuticals Basic properties, production, quality control, stability, clinical and medicinal applications of radioisotopes used in pharmacy and medicine preparations of diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

List of Practicals 

1. Limit test for Lead.
2. Limit test for Arsenic.
3. Limit test for Chloride.
4. Limit test for Sulfate.
5. Limit test for Heavy metals.
6. Standardization of sulphuric acid.
7. Standardization of hydrochloric acid.
8. Standardization of sodium hydroxide.
9. Standardization of potassium permanganate.
10. Standardization of sodium thiosulphate.
11. Determination of strength of solution of ammonia.
12. Quantitative determination of boric acid.
13. Assay of sodium bicarbonate.
14. Assay of sodium carbonate.
15. Assay of ferrous sulphate.
16. Assay of iodine solutions.
17. Preparation of Alum (potassium and ammonium).
18. Preparation of Ferrous sulfate.
19. Preparation of  dibasic calcium phosphate.
20. Preparation of ferric ammonium citrate.
21. Preparation of  light and heavy magnesium oxide and
22. Preparation of magnesium carbonate.
23. Preparation of calcium carbonate.
24. Preparation of magnesium trisilicate.
25. Preparation of zinc sulphate.  
26. Purification of Copper sulfate.

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RGPV B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Syllabus

                                     ADVANCED MATHEMATICS PY-201 


1. Differential equations and its Applications: Revision of integral calculus,
definition and formation of differential equations, equations of first order and first
degree, variable separable, homogeneous and linear differential equations and
equations reducible to such types, linear differential equations of order greater
than one with constant coefficients, complementary function and particular
Integral, Simultaneous linear differential equations, pharmaceutical applications.

2. Laplace Transforms: Definition, transforms of elementary functions, properties
of linearity and shifting, inverse Laplace transforms, transforms of derivatives,
solution of ordinary and simultaneous differential equations.

3. Biometrics: Significant digits and rounding of numbers, data collection, random
and non-random sampling methods, sample size, data organization, diagrammatic
representation of data, bar, pie, 2-D and 3-D diagrams, measures of central
tendency, measures of dispersion, standard deviation, standard error of means,
coefficient of variations, confidence (fiducial) limits.

4. Probability: probability and events, Bayes theorem, probability theorems,
probability distributions, elements of binomal and poisson distribution, normal
distribution curve and properties,

5. Correlation and regression: Method of least squares, statistical inference,
Student’s and paired t-test, F-test and elements of ANOVA, kurtosis and
skewness, Applications of statistical concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences.    
 



                            PHARMACEUTICS-II PY-202 (PHYSICAL PHARMACY)  


1. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology: Introduction, Particle size and size
distribution: Average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight
distribution, particle number; Methods for determination particle size: optical
microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; introduction to latest technique in particle
analysis  Particle volume measurement; Particle shape and surface area: particle
shape, specific surface; Methods for determining surface area: adsorption method,
air permeability method, pore size; Derived properties of powders: Porosity,
packing arrangement, densities of powder, bulkiness and flow properties,
Compaction: Compressed tablet, Pharmaceutical application.

2. Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles: the phase rule,
solubility expressions; Solvent-solute interaction: polar solvents, nonpolar
solvents, semipolar solvents; Solubility of gases in liquids: Effect of pressure,
temperature, salting out, effect of chemical reaction; Solubility of liquids in
liquids: Ideal and real solution, complete miscibility, partial miscibility, influence
of foreign substance, three component systems, dielectric constant and solubility,
molecular connectivity, molecular surface are and solubility; Solubility of solids
in liquids: Ideal solutions, Phase diagrams and the ideal solubility equation,
nonideal solution, extended Hildebrand solubility approach,  salvation and
association in solutions of polar compounds, solubility and the heat of solution,
solubility of strong electrolytes, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes,
solubility of weak electrolyte, the influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs,
combined effect of pH and solvents, influence of surfactants; influence of
hydrotropic agents on solubility of drugs. Distribution of solutes between
immiscible solvents.  

3. Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interfaces: surface and interfacial
tensions, surface free energy. Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions:
Capillary rise method, The DuNouy Ring Method. Adsorption at liquid interfaces:
surface active agents, Systems of Hydrophile - Lipofile classification, Type of
mono-layers at liquid interfaces. Adsorption at solid interface, the solid-gas
interface, the solid-liquid interface, Activated Charcoal, Wetting, Application of
surface-active agents, Electric properties of interfaces.

4. Diffusion and Dissolution: Concept of diffusion, Study state diffusion: Fick’s first
law, Fick’s second law, study state, Procedure and apparatus.  Dissolution:
dissolution rate, dissolution of tablets, capsules and granules, Powder Dissolution:
The Hixson-Crowell cube Root Law. Drug release: Drugs in polymer matrices,
release from granular matrices, multilayer diffusion, membrane control and
diffusion layer control phenomenon, diffusion principle in biological system.

5. Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian Systems: Newton’s Law of flow; kinematics
viscosity; Temperature dependence and theory of viscosity. Non-Newtonian
Systems: plastic flow, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Thixotropy: measurement
thixotropy, Bulges and spurs, Negative thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulations.
Determination of Rheologic properties: choice of viscometer, Capillary
viscometer, Falling sphere viscometer, Cup and bob viscometer, Cone and plate
Viscometer, Pharmaceutical application of Rheology.

6. Complexation and protein binding: Classification of complexes, methods of
preparation and analysis, Pharmaceutical applications. Protien binding: Binding
equilibria, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafilration, dyanamic dialysis, hydrophobic
interaction, self-association, factors affecting complexation and protein binding.

7. Buffered and isotonic solutions: The buffer equation: Common Ion Effect and the
Buffer Equation for a weak Acid and its slat, The buffer equation for a weak base
and its salt. Factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity:
Calculation of buffer capacity. Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic
system: In vivo biologic buffer systems, Pharmaceutical buffers, influence of
buffer capacity and pH on Tissue Irritation, pH and Solubility. Buffered isotonic
solutions: Measurement of tonicity, tonicity calculations, Methods of adjusting
isotonicity and pH.

8. Colloids: Introduction to the dispersed System, Types of colloidal systems, Optical
properties of the colloids, kinetic properties of the colloids, electrical properties of
the colloids, Solubilization, Pharmaceutical application of the colloids, advanced
thermodynamics of Micellization.

9. Coarse Dispersion: Suspension: Interfacial properties of suspended particles,
Settling in suspensions: theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian Movement,
Sedimentation of  flocculated particles, Sedimentation parameters. Formulation of
suspensions: Wetting of particles, Controlled flocculation, Flocculation in
Structured Vehicles, Rheologic consideration, Preparation of suspensions,
Physical stability of suspensions. Emulsions: Emulsion types, Pharmaceutical
applications, Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions,
Preservation of emulsions, Rheologic properties of emulsions. Semi-solids: Gels,
Syneresis and swelling, Classification of Pharmaceutical semisolids, Hydrophilic
properties of Semisolids, Rheologic properties of semisolids, Universe of Topical
Medications. Drug Kinetics in Coarse disperse system, Drug Diffusion in Coarse
Disperse Systems.


LIST OF PRACTICALS:  
(Minimum fifteen experiments should be performed in the semester. Student should aware with safety parameters and handling of chemicals related to following experiments)
1. Determine the particle size and particle size distribution in the given sample of powder by optical microscopy.
2. Determine particle size distribution of the given granules by sieving method.
3. Determine the following derived properties of the given powdered sample     (a) Flow property (b) Bulk density (c) Granule density     (d) True density (e) Porosity  (f) Carr’s Index      (g) hussnor’s retio
4. Determine the surface tension of the given sample by drop count and drop weight Method.
5. Determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the given surfactant by Surface tension method.
6. Determine partition coefficient of the given drug between benzene and water or octanol and water system
7. Plot phase diagram of phenol-water system
8. Determine the effect of salt on the solubility of given drug.
9. Determine the percent composition of an unknown solution of glycerin in water using Ostwald’s viscometer
10. Study the effect of shear rate on the flow of 1% methyl cellulose solution.
11. Formulate suspension of the given drug and evaluate it for sedimentation parameters.
12. Study the effect of thickening agent concentration on the sedimentation of the suspension of the given drug.
13. Prepare acetate buffer and compare theoretical pH value with the experimental value.
14. Determine the viscosity of the following Newtonian and Non-Newtonian system (a) Water     (b) Simple syrup I.P.   (c) Diclofenac gel    (d) Tooth paste
15. Determine the HLB value of the given surfactant
16. Evaluate the given sample of emulsion on the following parameters (a) Type of emulsion  (b) Globule size distribution (c) Physical stability  (d) Viscosity
17. Determine the optimum concentration of Bentonite required for the maximum physical stability of calamine lotion.
18. To observe the effect of hydrotropic agent sodium citrate on the solubility of salicylic acid.  



                         PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III PY-203 (ORGANIC-I) 


1. Structure and Properties: Electronegativity, Polarity, Resonance;
Electrophiles/Nucleophiles, Orbitals, π-Bonds, Hybridization and Shape,
Isomerism, Polarity, Intermolecular Forces, isotope effects and isotopic labelling.

2. Reactive Intermediates: Stability and reactivity of Radicals, Cations, Anions,
Nitrene and Nitrenium ion

3. Stereochemistry: Stereo-isomerism, classification and Nomenclature, Optical
activity, Chirality, R/S Classification of Chiral Carbons. Miscellaneous
Stereochemistry, Diastereomers; Racimic modification, Resolution of racimic
mixtures.

4. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, Physical and chemical
properties of alkanes, Conformations and Stability of Acyclic Alkanes and
Cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical properties of
alkenes, isomerism, and general methods of preparation.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Benzene and its homologues (Polynuclear
compounds), nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, structure of
benzene, chemical reaction of benzyne-mechanism and SNAr Mechanism of
nucleophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on
reactivity.
Dienes and the Allyl system: Conjugation, Reactivity.

5. Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X):
Nomenclature, Structure, Properties, Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (haloalkanes and
haloarenes): The SN2 and SN1 Substitution Reaction, The E1 and E2 Elimination
Reactions, Substitution vs. Elimination reaction, reactivity of C-X bond in
haloalkanes and haloarenes

6. Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part I-):
Alcohols: Nomenclature, Synthesis, reactivity of different Alcohols; conversion
of Alcohols to Tosylates or Halides.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic
nature of phenol.
 Ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group,  nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some
commercially important compounds.

7. Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part II):
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions,
relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, aldol condensation.
nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of -COOH, Nomenclature, important
methods of preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on α-carbon
on acid strength, chemical reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid
anhydride, ester and amide groups, Nomenclature, important methods of
preparation, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives.

8. Organic Compounds with functional group containing Nitrogen: Structure,
Nomenclature of Amino and Diazo Compounds.
Amines: Primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important
methods of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical
reactions.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of Benzene diazonium
chloride. Some commercially important nitrogen containing carbon compounds,
(Aniline, TNT)


LIST OF PRACTICALS: 
1. Purify the given organic compounds by distillation.
2. Purify the given organic compounds by recrystillazation.
3. Introduction to the use of stereo models.
4. Synthesis, Purification, Characterization (by using Solubility, Melting Point,
T.L.C. and percentage purity) of organic compounds and percent yield
calculations of the following compounds:
a) 2, 4, 6-trinitro phenol (Picric acid) from phenol
b) Iodoform from ethyl alcohol
c) 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline from aniline
d) 2, 4, 6-tribromo phenol from phenol
e) Phenylbutazone from phenol
f) Benzanilide from aniline
g) Phthalidimide from phthalic anhydride
h) Thiourea
i) Phenyl urea
j) Flourescein
k) Methly orange
l) Methly red  



                                              PHARMACOGNOSY-I PY-204 


1. Study of following families with spatial reference to medicinally important  plants;
apocyanaceae, solanoceae, graminae, labiatae, cruciferae,
papaveraceae,umbelifereae, leguminosae, rubiaceae and liliaceae.
2. Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. Scheme for
pharmacognostical study of crude drug. Sources of crude drugs and methods of
their classification. Traditional and alternative systems of medicines.
3. Cultivation collection, drying, natural drying, artificial drying, processing and
storage of crude drugs. Factors affecting cultivation of medicinal plants like
climate, altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soils, fertilizers and mannures.
4. Pest control and natural pest control agents. Methods of pest control like
mechanical, agricultural, biological chemical etc.
5. Quality Control of Crude Drugs:  Different types of Adulteration and their
evaluation using various methods like Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical,
Chemical, and Biological, Quantitative microscopy.
6. General methods of their isolation, classification, properties and systematic
pharmacognostic study of –
a. Carbohydrates, and drugs belonging to this class like; Agar, Gaur gum,
Acacia, Ghatti gum Honey, Isapgol, Starch, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Bael,
Pectin,
b. Fixed oil, fats and waxes and drugs belonging to this class likes; Castor oil,
Olive oil Linseed oil, Karanj Oil, Neem Oil, Beeswax, Cocoa butter,
Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Cod-liver oil, Shark liver oil, Woolfat, Lard,
Yellow bees wax, Carnauba wax
 c. Resins and resin combinations and drugs belonging to this class like;
Podophyllum, Tolu & Peru balsam, Turmeric, Ginger, Ipomoea, Myroballan,
Asafoetida, Benzoin, colophonoy. Capsicum, Canabis, Myrrh, Guggul,
Kaladana,
d. Tannins and drugs belonging to this class like Myrobalan, Bahera, Arjuna
bark, Ashoka bark, Amla, black & Pale catechu.
e. Fibres: Plant fibres, Animal fibre, Synthetic fibres, Minral fibre.  Flax, Cotton,
Silk, Wool.
f. Pharmaceutical aids like; Talc, Kaolin, Bentonite, Gelatin, Klesalghur,
Asbestose.


LIST OF PRACTICALS: 
(Student should perform Minimum fifteen experiments from following)
1. Study of different types of microscopes, camara lucida.
2. Morphological identification of following drugs Bael, Capsicum, Kaladana,
catechu, guggul, honey.
3. Morphological identification of following drugs Arjuna bark, ashoka bark. Amla.
Ghatugum and Bahera
4. Perform the morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation “Ginger”.
5. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of  “Turmeric”.
6. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of  “Myroballan”.
7. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of   “Agar and Acacia”.
8. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of   “Tragacanth”.
9. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of   “Isapgol”.
10. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of   “Starches obtain from potato,
rice, maize and wheat”.
11. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of   “Asafoetida”.
12. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Castor oil, linseed oil, olive oil, cod-liver
oil”.
13. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of neem oil, coca butter and wool fat.
14. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of lard, bees wax and carnauba.
15. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of   “Bees wax”.
16. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of   “Benzoin”.
17. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of   “nylon, Silk and Cotton”.
18. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of   “Talc and Podophyllum”.
19. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of   “Peru and Tolu Balsam”.
20. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drugs by morphological microscopical and chemical
evaluation.            



                    ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION–PY-205


Scope of anatomy and physiology and basic terminology used in these subjects.
1. Structure of cell, its components and their function:
2. Elementary Tissues of the Human Body: Epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissues; their sub-types and characteristics.
3. Skeletal System: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, Classification
of joints, Types of movement at joint, disorders of joints.
4. Skeletal Muscles: Their gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction,
physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders.
5. Haemopoietic System : Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their
disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation;
disorders of platelets and coagulation.
6. Lymph and lymphatic system: Composition, formation and circulation of lymph,
disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of
spleen.
7. Cardiovascular System: Basic anatomy of the heart, physiology of heart, blood
vessels and circulation. Basic understanding of cardiac cycle, heart sounds and
electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of
cardiovascular disorders like; hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina,
myocardial infraction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs, Functions of respiration,
Mechanism and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes and vital capacity  
9. Health Education: First aid: emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns,
poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.


LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Student should perform all the following experiments)
1. Determine RBC count of the given blood sample
2. Determine WBC count of the given blood sample
3. Determine differential WBC count of the given blood sample
4.  Determine platelets count of the given blood sample
5. Determine hemoglobin count of the given blood sample
6. Determine clotting time of the given blood sample.
7. Determine erythrocyte sedimentation rate of the given blood sample
8. Osmotic fragility of the blood.
9. Determine blood group.
10. Study of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue using slide.
11. Study human skeletal system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
12. STUDY of human cardiovascular system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
13. Record of blood pressure.
14. To understand ECG, PQRST waves and their signifance.
15. Study of human respiratory system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
16. Study of lymphatic system with the help of chart, model and histologica

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