RGPV B.E Electronics&Communication 5th Sem( Grading System ) Syllabus

                                                 EC-501 Voice Communication   


Unit I
Basic Telephony : Introduction, standard telephone set, function, local loop, block diagram, basic call procedure, call progress tones and signals, cordless telephones, caller identification, electronic telephones, telephone circuit - local subscriber loop, channel noise and units of power measurements, transmission parameters, voice frequency circuit arrangements, crosstalk.

Unit II 
Public telephone network: Introduction, transmission system environment, public telephone network, instruments, local loops, trunk circuits, telephone exchanges - local exchanges, automated central office switches and exchanges, telephone numbering plan, telephone services, telephone switching hierarchy, common channel signaling system- evolution of SS7, signaling points, call setup, Multiplexing of telephone channels - frequency division multiplexing, FDM hierarchy, composite base-band signals, formation of groups, super groups, master groups and radio channel, wavelength division multiplexing. Traffic analysis:  traffic characterization and measurement, arrival and holding time distributions, loss systems, lost call estimation, network blocking probabilities.

Unit III 
Digital telephony: Introduction, advantages and disadvantages of digital voice network, voice digitization, time division multiplexing of PCM signals, digital carrier, Super-frame TDM format, Fractional T Carrier Service, Digital hierarchy, Master Group and Commercial TV, Picture Phone Terminal, Data Terminal, Digital Carrier Line Encoding, Duty Cycle, Bandwidth Requirement, Clock and Framing Bit Recovery, Error Detection, T Carrier System, T-1 Carrier System, , Statistical TDM, Codec and Combo Chips.

Unit IV 
Digital transmission: Introduction, digital data and digital signal, pulse transmission, inter-symbol, interference, synchronous and asynchronous transmission, line coding – level encoding, bipolar coding, Code Space redundancy, N zero substitution, Pair Selected ternary, Ternary coding, digital bi-phase, differential encoding, coded mark inversion, multilevel signaling, partial response signaling, error performance, performance monitoring, time division multiplexing - Bit vs Word Interleaving, framing, TDM loops and rings.

Unit V 
Digital switching: Switching function, space division switching, multistage switching, non-blocking switches, blocking probabilities, four wire switches, switch matrix control, time division switching – analog and digital, two dimensional switching, multi stage time and space switching, STS and TST switching, digital cross connect systems, digital switching in analog environment.



                                         EC-502 Electromagnetic Theory  


Unit I 
Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical co-ordinate systems, scalar and vector fields, gradient, divergence and curl of a vector field, Divergence theorem and Stokes’s theorem, concept of vectors. Electrostatic Fields – Coulomb’s law, electric field intensity due to different charge distribution viz. line charge, sheet charge, Field due to continuous volume – electric potential, properties of potential function, potential gradient equipotential surfaces, line of force, Gauss law, applications of Gauss law, Gauss law in point form method of images.

Unit II 
Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations, solution of Laplace’s equation. Electric dipole, dipole moment, potential and electric field intensity due to dipole. Behavior of conductors in an electric field. Conductor and insulator, electric field inside a dielectric, polarization. Boundary value conditions for electric Field. Capacitance and Capacitances of various types of capacitors. Energy stored and energy density in static electric field. Current density, conduction and convection current density, Ohms law in point form, equation of continuity.

Unit III
Static Magnetic Field, Biot-Savart’s law, Magnetic Field intensity due to straight current carrying filament, circular, square and solenoidal current carrying wire. Relationship between magnetic flux, flux density and magnetic field intensity. Ampere’s circuital law and its applications, magnetic field intensity due to infinite sheet and various other configurations, Ampere’s circuital law in point form. Magnetic force, moving charge in a magnetic field, Lorentz force on straight and long current carrying conductors in magnetic field, force between two long and parallel current carrying conductors. Magnetic dipole and dipole moment, a differential current loop as dipole, torque on a current carrying loop in magnetic field, magnetic boundary conditions.

Unit IV
Scalar magnetic potential and its limitations, Vector magnetic potential and its properties, vector magnetic potential due to different simple configurations; Self and Mutual inductances, determination of self and mutual inductances, self inductance of solenoid, toroid coils, mutual inductance between a straight long wire and a square loop. Energy stored in magnetic Field and energy density. Faraday’s Law, transformer and motional EMF equations. Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations as generalization of circuit equations, Maxwell’s equation in free space, Maxwell’s equation for harmonically varying field, static and steady fields. Maxwell’s equations in differential and integral form.

Unit V 
Electro Magnetic Waves: Uniform plane wave in time domain in free space, Sinusoidally time varying uniform plane wave in free space, Wave equation and solution for various medium, Uniform plane wave in dielectrics and conductors.  Poynting Vector theorem, instantaneous, average and complex poynting vector, power loss in a plane conductor, energy storage.  Polarisation of waves. Reflection by conductors and dielectric – Normal and Oblique incidence. Reflection at surface of a conducting medium, surface impedance, transmission line analogy.



                                              EC-503 Digital Communication  

Unit-I 
Random Processes Random variables:- Cumulative distribution function, Probability density function, Mean, Variance and standard deviations of random variable, Gaussian distribution, Error function, Correlation and autocorrelation, Central-limit theorem, Error probability, Power Spectral density of digital data.

Unit-II 
Pulse Modulation Analog Signals:- Sampling of Signal, Sampling Theorem for Low Pass and Band Pass Signals, Aliasing, Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Channel Bandwidth for PAM-TDM Signal, Types of Sampling, Instantaneous, Natural and Flat Top (Mathematical and Spectral Analysis), Aperture Effect, Introduction to Pulse Position and Pulse Duration Modulation.

Unit-III 
Pulse Code Modulation Digital Signal:- Quantization, Quantization Error, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Signal-to-Noise Ratio in PCM, Companding, Data Rate and Bandwidth of Multiplexed PCM Signal, Inter-symbol Interference, Differential PCM (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM), and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), Comparison of various system in terms of Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise Ratio.

Unit-IV
Digital Modulation Techniques :- Analysis, Generation and Detection (Block Diagram), Spectrum and Bandwidth of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK), Offset and Non-offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), M-ary PSK, Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), M-ary FSK, Minimum Shift Keying, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Comparison of digital modulation techniques on the basis of probability of error, Matched Filter.

Unit–V 
Spread Spectrum Modulation Introduction to Spread Spectrum modulation, Generation and Characteristics of p-n Sequences, Direct sequence Spread Spectrum System, Spread Spectrum with Code division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum.

List of Experiments: Simulation of different modulation techniques using Scilab (Freeware-Downloadable from www.Scilab.org) /Matlab/Any Similar Software. Plotting of signal constellation diagrams and signals (modulated/ unmodulated). Calculation of Bit error rates BER and comparison of various modulation techniques.
1. Study of Sampling Process and Signal Reconstruction and Aliasing.
2. Study of PAM, PPM and PDM.
3. Study of PCM Transmitter and Receiver.
4. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Demultiplexing.
5. Study of ASK, PSK and FSK Transmitter and Receiver.


     
                  EC-504 Microprocessor, Microcontroller and Embedded Systems     


Unit -I 
Microprocessor 8086 Architecture - BIU and EU, Registers, Pin Diagram, Memory Addressing, Clock Generator 8284, Buffers and Latches, Maximum and Minimum Modes.

Unit -II 
Addressing Modes, Instruction set of 8086, Assembly Language Programming, Assemblers, Procedures, Macros, Interrupts, 8086 Based Multiprocessor Systems - Coprocessors (8087 NDP), Closely and Loosely Coupled Multiprocessor Systems (8089 IOP).

Unit -III
Interfacing Chips- IC 8155 (Static Ram with I/O Ports and Timer), 8755 (EPROM with I/O Ports), 8251A (USART), 8255A (Programmable Peripheral Interface), 8253/8254 (Programmable Interval Timer/Counter), 8257 (DMA Controller), 8259A (Programmable Interrupt Controller).

Unit -IV 
Microcontrollers - Microcontroller 8051- Architecture, Pin Diagram, I/O Ports, Internal RAM and Registers, Interrupts, Addressing Modes, Memory Organization and External Addressing, Instruction Set, Assembly Language Programming, Real Time Applications of Microcontroller- Interfacing with LCD, ADC, DAC, Stepper Motor, Key Board and Sensors.

Unit -V 
Embedded Systems-Introduction, Classification, Processors, Hardware Units, Software Embedded into System, Applications and Products of Embedded Systems, Structural Units in Processor, Memory Devices, I/O Devices, Buses, Interfacing of Processor Memory and I/O Devices, Case Study of an Embedded System for a Smart Card.  


List of Experiments: 
1. Assembly Language Programs of Microprocessor 8086,
2. Assembly Language Programs of Microcontroller 8051.
3. Assembly Language Programs for Interfacing Chips.




                                           EC-505 CMOS VLSI Design  Category 


Unit -I 
Introduction CMOS Logic: Inverter, NAND Gate, Combinational Logic, NOR Gate, Compound Gates, Pass Transistors and Transmission Gates, Tristates, Multiplexers, Latches and Flip-Flops, CMOS Fabrication and Layout: Inverter Cross- section, Fabrication Process, Layout Design rules, Gate Layout, Stick Diagrams. VLSI Design Flow.  MOS Transistor Theory: Ideal I-V Characteristics, C-V Characteristics: MOS Capacitance Models, MOS Gate Capacitance Model, MOS Diffusion Capacitance Model. Non ideal I-V Effects: Velocity Saturation and Mobility Degradation, Channel Length Modulation, Body Effect, Subthreshold Conduction, Junction Leakage, Tunneling, Temp. and Geometry Dependence. DC Transfer characteristics: Complementary CMOS Inverter DC Characteristics, Beta Ratio Effects, Noise Margin, Ratioed Inverter Transfer Function, Pass Transistor DC Characteristics, Tristate Inverter,  Switch- Level RC Delay Models.

Unit -II 
CMOS Processing Technology CMOS Technologies: Background, Wafer Formation, Photolithography, Well and Channel Formation, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Isolation, Gate Oxide, Gate and Source/Drain Formation, Contacts and Metallization, Passivation, Metrology. Layout Design Rules: Design Rules Background, Scribe Line and Other Structures, MOSIS Scalable CMOS Design Rules, Micron Design Rules. CMOS Process Enhancements: Transistors, Interconnect, Circuit Elements, Beyond Conventional CMOS.

Unit -III 
Circuit Characterization and Performance Estimation Delay Estimation: RC Delay Models, Linear Delay Model, Logical Effort, Parasitic Delay. Logical Effort and Transistor Sizing: Delay in a Logic Gate, Delay in Multistage Logic Networks, choosing the Best Number of Stages. Power Dissipation: Static Dissipation, Dynamic Dissipation, Low-Power Design. Interconnect: Resistance, Capacitance, Delay, Crosstalk. Design Margin: Supply Voltage, Temperature, Process Variation, Design Corners. Reliability, Scaling.

Unit -IV 
Analog Circuits MOS Small-signal Model, Common Source Amplifier, The CMOS Inverter as an Amplifier, Current Mirrors, Differential Pairs, Simple CMOS Operational Amplifier, Digital to Analog Converters, Analog to Digital Converters, RF Circuits.

Unit -V 
Combinational Circuit Design Circuit Families: Static CMOS, Ratioed Circuits, Cascode Voltage Switch Logic, Dynamic Circuits, Differential Circuits, Sense Amplifier Circuits, BiCMOS Circuits, Low Power Logic Design, Comparison of Circuit Families. Standard Cell Design: Cell Hierarchies, Cell Libraries, Library Entries, Cell Shapes and Floor Planning.


List of Experiments: 
1. Design of MOS Generator Using any Electronic Design Automation (EDA)- eg. Microwind / Cadence / Sylvaco / Tanner silicon HiPer / Xilinx ISE 9i or any similar software
2. DC MOSFET Curves using EDA.
3. Design of CMOS Logic Gates using EDA.
4. Draw the following CMOS circuits using 0.12 µm and 65 nm technology and simulate for transfer characteristics along with 2D and 3D view from 450 angles. Compare power consumption and rise/fall delays in both technologies:  a. CMOS Inverter with 0.1pF and 0.1fF capacitance loads, in both cases with equal rise and fall times.  Plot output eye diagram also. b. CMOS NAND and NOR gates with 0.01pF load and equal rise and fall times. Comment on area requirement of both gates.
5. To design Current Mirror using CMOS 0.18 micron Technology.
6. Design a basic differential amplifier circuit using current mirror logic.   Show gain of amplifier and comment on bandwidth.
7. Design the Schmitt trigger circuit with UTP= 4.5 V and LTP = 2.0 V. Plot transfer curve analysis (with hysteresis effect) VO versus VI.
8. Design a 2-bit parallel adder from schematic and its CMOS layout.



                     EC-506 Software Lab-II- Hardware Description Languages  

SECTION A: ELECTRONIC DESIGN AUTOMATION SOFTWARE  
Introduction to EDA environment, eg. Microwind / Cadence / Sylvaco / Tanner silicon HiPer / Xilinx ISE 9i / any similar software / Any Freeware - EDA, its study and simulation/analysis/design of circuits. (The EDA tool package should have equal number of perpetual licenses for all modules and should have GUI)

SECTION B: VERILOG 
Introduction, Language Element, Expression, Gate Level Modeling, User-Defined Primitives, Data Flow Modeling, Behavioral Modeling, Structural Modeling, Synthesize, Verilog Constructs To G ate, Modeling- Combinational Logic, Modeling-Sequential Logic, Modeling A Memory.

SECTION C: VHDL 
Introduction, Entity Declaration, Architecture Body, Configuration and Package Declaration, Package Body, Model Analysis, Simulation, Basic Language Elements, Behavioral Modeling, Data Flow Modeling, Structural Modeling.


List of Experiments: 
Section A: Study and Experiments based on EDA environment. Section B and C:Simulation of Following Using Verilog/VHDL.
1. Half Adder, Full Adder, Subtractor, Flip-Flop’s, 4-bit Comparators
2. Multiplexers -  2:1, 4:1 and 8:1
3. Parity Generator.
4. 4 Bit Up/Down Counter with Loadable Count.
5. Decoders –
6.  2:4, 3:8 and 4:16.
7. 8-bit Shift Resistors.
8. Barauel Shifter.
9. Design of 8-bit Arithmetic unit.
10. N by M Binary Multiplier. 

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RGPV B.E Information Technology 7th Semester Syllabus

                                                                     IT 701  
                                              Object Oriented Analysis and Design 


Unit I: 
Overview of Object Oriented concepts: Objects and classes, abstraction, generalization and inheritance, encapsulation, multiple inheritance, aggregation abstraction classes, polymorphism, link and association, Need for object oriented approach

Unit II: 
System design life cycle, object oriented S/W development process model, Object Oriented Analysis, Object Modeling Technique (OMT): object model, function model, relationship among models, object diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, analysis.

Unit III: 
Object oriented Design: Overview of object design, Combination the models, Designing algorithms, design optimization, Implementation of control, Adjustment, Design of association, object representation, physical packaging, documenting design decision, comparison of use-case driven approach.

Unit IV: 
Translation Object Oriented design into implementation, Programming style, Documentation, characterization of object oriented languages, Comparison of object oriented language like C++, JAVA, object programming.

Unit V: 
Unified Modeling Language (UML): Class diagram sequence diagram Use case diagram,  Collaboration, diagram, state, chart diagram, Activity diagram, component diagram, deployment diagram, Object oriented Database: Relational Vs .object oriented database, the architecture of object oriented database, query language for Object Oriented database.


List of Experiment:-  
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of ATM.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Telephone Call.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Library Information System.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Airline reservation System.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Calculator.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of College Management system.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Payroll System.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Railway Reservation system.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Online Sales.
 Draw Object, state, Data flow Diagram of Examination result display System of a University.                                


                                                                   

                                                                   IT 702 
                                                   Wireless & Mobile Computing  


Unit I: 
Antenna , variation pattern, antenna types, antenna gain, propagation modes, types of fading. Model for wireless digital communication, multiple access technique-SDMA, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, DAMA, PRMA, MAC/CA, Cellular network organization, operations of cellular system, mobile radio propogation effects, , handoff,  power control,  sectorization, traffic engineering, Infinite sources, lost calls cleared, grade of service, poison arrival process

Unit II: 
GSM- Services, system architecture, radio interface, logical channels, protocols, localization and calling, handover, security, HSCSD, GPRS-architecture, Interfaces, Channels, mobility management DECT, TETRA, UMTS.

Unit III: 
IEEE 802.11: LAN-architecture, 802.11 a, b and g, protocol architecture, physical layer, MAC layer , MAC management, HIPERLAN-protocol architecture, physical layer, access control sub layer, MAC sub layer. Bluetooth-user scenarios-  physical layer, MAC layer.

Unit IV: 
Mobile IP, DHCP, Ad hoc networks: Characteristics, performance issue, routing in mobile host.  Wireless sensor network, Mobile transport layer: Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, Time out freezing, Selective retransmission, transaction oriented TCP. Introduction to WAP.

Unit V: 
Intruders, Intrusion detection, password management, viruses and related threads, worms, trojan horse defense, difference biometrics and authentication system, firewall design principle.




                                                            IT 703 
                                         Information Storage & Management   



Unit-I 
Introduction to Storage Technology: Data proliferation, evolution of various storage technologies, Overview of storage infrastructure components, Information Lifecycle Management, Data categorization.

Unit-II 
Storage Systems Architecture: Intelligent disk subsystems overview, Contrast of integrated vs. modular arrays, Component architecture of intelligent disk subsystems, Disk physical structure components, properties, performance, and specifications, RAID levels & parity algorithms, hot sparing, Front end to host storage provisioning, mapping and operation.

Unit-III 
Introduction to Networked Storage: JBOD, DAS, NAS, SAN & CAS evolution and comparision. Applications, Elements, connectivity, standards, management, security and limitations of DAS, NAS, CAS & SAN.

Unit -IV 
Hybrid Storage solutions; Virtualization: Memory, network, server, storage & appliances.
Data center concepts & requirements, Backup & Disaster Recovery: Principles
Managing & Monitoring:  Industry management standards (SNMP, SMI-S, CIM), standard framework applications, Key management metrics (Thresholds, availability, capacity, security, performance).

Unit-V 
Information storage  on cloud :Concept of Cloud, Cloud Computing, storage on Cloud, Cloud Vocabulary,  Architectural Framework, Cloud benefits,  Cloud computing Evolution, Applications & services on cloud, Cloud service providers and Models, Essential characteristics of cloud computing, Cloud Security and integration.



                                                          IT 710  
                                    Advanced Concept In Database Systems  


Unit I: 
An overview of database, The Extended Entity Relationship Model and Object Model: The ER model revisited, Motivation for complex data types, User defined abstract data types and structured types, Subclasses, Super classes, Inheritance, Specialization and Generalization, Constraints and characteristics of specialization and Generalization, Relationship types of degree higher than two.

Unit II: 
Query Processing, Optimization & Database Tuning: Algorithms For Executing Query Operations. Heuristics For Query Optimizations, Estimations of Query Processing Cost, Join Strategies for Parallel Processors, Database Workloads, Tuning Decisions, DBMS Benchmarks, Clustering & Indexing, Multiple Attribute Search Keys, Query Evaluation Plans, Pipelined Evaluations, System Catalogue in RDBMS.

Unit III: 
Distributed Database System: Structure of  Distributed Database, Data Fragmentation, Data Model, Query Processing, Semi Join, Parallel & Pipeline Join, Distributed Query Processing In R * System, Concurrency Control In Distributed Database System, Recovery In Distributed Database System, Distributed Deadlock Detection and Resolution, Commit Protocols.

Unit  IV: 
Enhanced Data Model For Advanced Applications: Database Operating System, Introduction to Temporal Database Concepts, Spatial And Multimedia Databases, Data Mining, Active Database System, Deductive Databases, Database Machines, Web Databases, Advanced Transaction Models, Issues in Real Time Database Design.

Unit V: 
Accessing databases from Web, JavaScript, JDBC, Java Servlets , database technology to Web related areas such as semi-structured databases and data integration, XML, XQuery, XPath, XML Schemas, distributed database design, distributed database transactions, and distributed query processing



                                                         IT 711 
                                            Simulation and Modeling  



Unit I:
PHYSICAL MODELING: Concept of system and environment, continuous and discrete system, linear and nonlinear system, stochastic activities, static and dynamic models, principles used in modeling, Basic simulation modeling, Role of simulation in model evaluation and studies, Advantages  and Disadvantages of simulation. Modeling of systems, Iconic, analog and Mathematical  Modeling.

Unit II: 
COMPUTER BASED SYSTM SIMULATION: Technique of simulation, Monte Carlo method, experimental nature of simulation, numerical computation techniques, calumnious system models, analog and hybrid simulation, feedback systems, Buildings simulation models- Financial Model for an office Building, Sensitivity analysis for office building Model.

Unit III: 
SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODELING: Identification of problem situation, Exponential Growth Model and Decay Model, Logistic Curve, System Dynamic Diagrams, Simulation of System Dynamics- Waiting Times in  Single Server Queuing System.

Unit IV: 
PROBABILITY CONCEPTS IN SIMULATION: Stochastic variables, discrete and continuous probability functions, Distributed Random numbers, generation of random numbers-Uniform and Non Uniform Random numbers, variance reduction techniques-Introduction, Common Random numbers- Rationale, Applicability and Synchronization.

Unit V: 
SIMULATION SOFTWARE: Introduction, Comparison of Simulation Package with Programming Languages, Classification of Simulation Software, Desirable Software features, General Purpose Simulation Package-ARENA, EXTEND, Study of SIMULA, DYNAMO,



                                                                        IT 712   
                                                        Human-Computer Interaction  



Unit I: 
Introduction, Human Computer Interaction (HCI) concepts and definitions, Nature of interaction- human and Machine, interaction design, understanding and conceptualizing interaction, understanding users, interfaces and interactions, data gathering.

Unit II: 
Introduction to User Centered System Design (UCSD), Natural computing, user centered system design, core concepts, interactive design and its strength and weakness, types of user model, user model and evaluation, Heuristic evaluation.

Unit III: 
Psychological user models. Black box models of human performance, including perception, motor control, memory and problem-solving. Quantitative analysis of performance. Human processor, keystroke level model, and GOMS descriptions of user performance.

Unit IV: 
Modeling of system understanding. Mental models and metaphor, use of design prototypes, controlled experiments. Cognitive walkthrough. Evaluation from the perspective of a novice learning to use the system.

Unit V:
Task analysis and design. Contextual and qualitative studies, use-case driven design. Research techniques. Cognitive dimensions of notations, CSCW, ubiquitous computing, new interaction techniques, programmability.  




                                                             IT 713   
                                             Automata and Compiler Design  



Unit I: 
Introduction: Alphabets, Strings and Languages; Automata and Grammars, Deterministic finite Automata (DFA)-Formal Definition, Simplified notation: State transition graph, Transition table, Language of DFA, Nondeterministic finite Automata (NFA), Equivalence of NFA and DFA, Minimization of Finite Automata, Regular Expressions, Arden’s theorem.

Unit II: 
Compiler Structure: Compilers and Translators, Various Phases of Compiler, Pass Structure of Compiler, Bootstrapping of Compiler. Lexical Analysis: The role of Lexical Analyzer, A simple approach to the design of Lexical Analyzer, Implementation of Lexical Analyzer. The Syntactic Specification of Programming Languages: CFG, Derivation and Parse tree, Ambiguity, Capabilities of CFG. Basic Parsing Techniques: Top-Down parsers with backtracking, Recursive Descent Parsers, Predictive Parsers,

Unit III: 
Bottom–up Parsers, Shift-Reduce Parsing, Operator Precedence Parsers, LR parsers (SLR, Canonical LR, LALR) Syntax Analyzer Generator: YACC, Intermediate Code Generation: Different Intermediate forms: three address code, Quadruples & Triples. Syntax Directed translation mechanism and attributed definition. Translation of Declaration, Assignment, Control flow, Boolean expression, Array References in arithmetic expressions, procedure calls, case statements, postfix translation.

Unit IV: 
Run Time Memory Management: Static and Dynamic storage allocation, stack based memory allocation schemes, Symbol Table management Error Detection and Recovery: Lexical phase errors, Syntactic phase errors, Semantic errors.

Unit V:
Code Optimization and Code Generation: Local optimization, Loop optimization, Peephole optimization, Basic blocks and flow graphs, DAG, Data flow analyzer, Machine Model, Order of evaluation, Register allocation and code selection

                                                     

                                                               IT 720 
                                                       Embedded System  



Unit I: 
Introduction to Embedded System, Categories, Requirements, Applications, Challenges and Issues. Core of  Embedded system, Memory, Sensors and Actuators, communication interface, Embedded firmware, system components.

Unit II:
Fundamental issues of hardware software co-design, computational models in embedded design- data flow graph, control flow graph, state machine model, sequential programmed model, concurrent model, unified modeling language.

Unit III:
Architecture of 8085 microcontroller, memory organization, registers, interrupts, addressing modes, instruction sets.  

Unit IV: 
Embedded firmware design approaches- OS based, Super loop based. Embedded firmware development languages- Assembly language based, high level language based, mixed. Programming in embedded C.


Unit V: 
Types of Operating system, Task, process and threads, Multi processing and multi task, Task scheduling, Task communication, Task synchronization.



                       
                                                               IT 721 
                                              E-Commerce and Governance  



Unit I: 
Introduction to e-commerce: History of e-commerce, e-business models B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, legal; environment of e-commerce, ethical issues, electronic data interchange, value chain and supply chain, advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce.

Unit II:
Electronic Payment Systems: Credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, e-credit accounts, e-money, Marketing on the web, marketing strategies, advertising on the web, customer service and support,  introduction to m-commerce, case study: e-commerce in passenger air transport.

Unit III: 
E-Government, theoretical background of e-governance, issues in e-governance applications, evolution of e-governance, its scope and content, benefits and reasons for the introduction of e-governance, e-governance models- broadcasting, critical flow, comparative analysis, mobilization and lobbying, interactive services / G2C2G.

Unit IV:
E-readiness, e-government readiness, E- Framework, step & issues, application of data warehousing and data mining in e-government, Case studies: NICNET-role of nation wide networking in e- governance, e-seva.

Unit V: 
E-Government systems security: Challenges and approach to e-government security, security concern in e-commerce, security for server computers, communication channel security, security for client computers.




                                                                    IT 722 
                                                      High Performance Computing



Unit I: 
Introduction to high performance computing: Aim, Architectures, Cluster, Grid, Meta-computing, Middleware, Examples of representative applications.  Programming models: Parallel programming paradigms, task partitioning and mapping, shared memory, message passing, peer-to-peer, broker-based. Introduction to PVM and MPI.

Unit II: 
Architecture of cluster-based systems, Issues in cluster design: performance, single-system-image, fault tolerance, manageability, programmability, load balancing, security, storage. High performance sequential computing: Effects of the memory hierarchy, Out-of-order execution, superscalar processors, Vector processing.

Unit III:
Shared-memory processing: Architectures (extensions of the memory hierarchy), Programming paradigms, OpenMP. Distributed-memory processing: Architectural issues (networks and interconnects), Programming paradigms, MPI (+MPI2).

Unit IV:
Grids: Computational grids, Data grids ,Architecture of Grid systems,  Grid security infrastructure. Examples of Grids: Globus. The productivity crisis & future directions: Development overheads, Petaflops programming, New parallel languages: UPC, Titanium, Co-Array FORTRAN.

Unit V: 
Performance Issues and Techniques: Cost and Frequency Models for I/O, paging, and caching. Notion of Cacheing; temporal and spatial locality models for instruction and data accesses; Intra-process parallelism and pipelining. Typical Compiler Optimizations of Programs; Improving Performance: Identifying program bottlenecks - profiling, tracing; simple high-level-language optimizations - locality enhancement, memory disambiguation, moving loop-invariants.




                                                                     IT 723 
                                                                 Bioinformatics


Unit I: 
Introduction to bioinformatics: Definition and History of Bioinformatics, Application and research of bioinformatics, finding Bioinformatics data online Bioinformatics, private and future data sources, Meta data Summary and reference systems.

Unit II: 
Bioinformatics Database:  Characteristics and categories of Bioinformatics database, Navigating databases, Information retrieval Systems, Sequence database Nucleotide(primary and Secondary), Protein sequence, Structure Databases: File Formats, Protein Structure, PDB, MMDB, CATH, Other Database Enzyme, MEROPS, BRENDA, Pathway databases

Unit III:
Bioinformatics Tools: Need for tools, Industry Trends, Data Mining Tools, Data Submission tools: Nucleotide Sequence, protein Submission tools, Data Analysis tools: Nucleotide Sequence, protein Sequence, Prediction Tools: Phylogenetic trees, Gene prediction, Protein Structure and Function prediction, Modeling Tools: 2D and 3D Protein Modeling.

Unit IV:
Bioinformatics Algorithms: Classification of Algorithms, Biological Algorithm, Sequence Comparison Algorithm, Substitution Matrices Algorithms, Sequence Alignment Algorithm ,Gene Prediction Algorithm.

Unit V: 
Bioinformatics Software: Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST),Purpose of BLAST,BLAST Analysis, Purpose of BLAST II, Scoring  Metrics, PAM, BLOSUM, Working of BLAST. Introduction of  HMMER, Practical example of HMMER.




                                                           IT 724 
                                              Unix & Shell Programming  


UNIT–I 
General Overview of the System: System structure, user perspective, O/S services assumption about Hardware The  Kernel  and  buffer  cache  architecture  of  Unix  O/S,  System  concepts, Kernel  data Structure, System administration, Buffer headers, Structure of the buffer pool, Scenarios for retrieval of the buffer, Reading and writing disk block, Advantage and disadvantage of buffer cache.

UNIT–II 
Internal Representation of Files: Inodes, Structure of regular, Directories conversions of a path name to an inode, Super block, Inode assignment to a new file, Allocation of disk blocks, Open read write file and record close, File creation, Operation of special files change directory and change root, change owner and change mode. STAT and FSTAT, PIPES mounting and unmounting files system, Link Unlink

UNIT–III 
Structures of Processes and process control: Process states and transitions layout of system memory, the context of a process, manipulation of process address space, Sleep process creation/termination. The user Id of a process, changing the size of a process. Killing process with signals, job control, scheduling commands: AT and BATCH,TIME,CORN.

UNIT-IV 
Introduction to shell scripts: shell Bourne shell, C shell, Unix commands, permissions, editors, grep family, shell variables, scripts, metacharacters and environment, if and case statements, for while and until loops. Shell programming.  

UNIT-V 
Introduction of Awk and perl Programming: Awk pattern scanning , BEGIN and END patterns, Awk arithmetic  and  variables,  and operators,  functions,  perl;  the   chop()  function,  variable  and operators.Networking tools:Resolving IP addressing, TELNET, FTP, Socket programming, introduction of Linux structure .

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RGPV B.E Electronics&Communication 7th Sem Syllabus

                                             Optical communication EC-701 L 3      

Unit-I 
Overview of Optical Fiber Communications (OFC): Motivation, optical spectral bands, key elements of optical fiber systems. Optical fibers: basic optical laws and definitions, optical fiber modes and configurations, mode theory for circular waveguides, single- mode fibers, graded-index fiber structure, fiber materials, photonic crystal fibers, fiber fabrication, fiber optic cables.

Unit-II 
Optical sources: Light emitting diodes (LEDs): structures, materials, quantum efficiency, LED power, modulation of an LED. Laser diodes: modes, threshold conditions, laser diode rate equations, external quantum efficiency, resonant frequencies, structure and radiation patterns, single mode lasers, modulation of laser diodes. Power launching and coupling: source to fiber power launching, fiber to fiber joints, LED coupling to single mode fibers, fiber splicing, optical fiber connectors.

Unit-III 
Photodetectors: pin photodetector, avalanche photodiodes, photodetector noise, detector response time, avalanche multiplication noise.      Signal degradation in optical fibers: Attenuation: units, absorption, scattering losses, bending losses, core and cladding losses. Signal distortion in fibers: overview of distortion origins, modal delay, factors contributing to delay, group delay, material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion.  Characteristics of single mode fibers: refractive index profiles, cutoff wavelength, dispersion calculations, mode field diameter, bending loss calculation. Specialty fibers.

Unit-IV
Optical receivers: fundamental receiver operation, digital receiver performance, eye diagrams, coherent detection: homodyne and heterodyne, burst mode receiver, analog receivers.     Digital links: point to point links, link power budget, rise time budget, power penalties.    Analog links: overview of analog links, carrier to noise ratio, multichannel transmission techniques.

Unit-V 
Optical technologies Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) concepts: operational principles of WDM, passive optical star coupler, isolators, circulators, Active optical components: MEMS technology, variable optical attenuators, tunable optical filters, dynamic gain equalizers, polarization controller, chromatic dispersion compensators.  Optical amplifiers: basic applications and types of optical amplifiers, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA): amplification mechanism, architecture, power conversion efficiency and gain. Amplifier noise, optical SNR, system applications. Performance Measurement and monitoring: measurement standards, basic test equipment, optical power measurements, optical fiber characterization, eye diagram tests, optical time-domain reflectometer, optical performance monitoring.

List of Experiments:
1. Launching of light into the optical fiber and calculate the numerical aperture and V-number.
2. Observing Holograms and their study.
3. Optic version Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
4. Measurement of attenuation loss in an optical fiber.
5. Diffraction using gratings.
6. Construction of Michelson interferometer.
7. Setting up a fiber optic analog link and study of PAM.
8. Setting up a fiber optic digital link and study of TDM and Manchester coding.
9. Measurement of various misalignment losses in an optical fiber.



                                        Antenna and Wave Propagation



Unit I 
Introduction to antenna: antenna terminology, radiation, retarded potential, radiation field from current element, radiation resistance of short dipole and half wave dipole antenna, network theorems applied to antenna, self and mutual impedance of antenna, effect of earth on vertical pattern and image antenna.

Unit II 
Antenna arrays: of point sources, two element array, end fire and broad side arrays, uniform linear arrays of n-elements, linear arrays with non-uniform amplitude distribution (binomial distribution and Chebyshev optimum distribution), arrays of two-driven half wave length elements (broad side and end fire case), principle of pattern multiplication.

Unit III 
Types of antennas: Babinet’s principles and complementary antenna, horn antenna, parabolic reflector antenna, slot antenna,log periodic antenna, loop antenna, helical antenna, biconical antenna, folded dipole antenna, Yagi-Uda antenna, lens antenna, turnstile antenna. Long wire antenna: resonant and travelling wave antennas for different wave lengths, V-antenna, rhombic antenna, beverage antenna, microstrip antenna.

Unit IV 
Antenna array synthesis: introduction, continuous sources, methods-Schelknoff polynomial method, Fourier transform method, Woodward- Lawson method, Taylor’s method, Laplace transform method, Dolph- Chebychev method, triangular, cosine and cosine squared amplitude distribution, line source, phase distribution, continuous aperture sources.  

Unit V 
Propagation of radio wave: structure of troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere, modes of propagation, ground wave propagation, duct propagation. Sky wave propagation: Mechanism of Radio Wave Bending by Ionosphere, critical angle and critical frequency, virtual height, skip distance and LUF, MUF. Single hop and multiple hop transmission, influence of earths magnetic field on radio wave propagation, Fading Space Wave Propagation: LOS, effective earth’s radius, field strength of space or tropospheric propagation.

List of Experiments: Following illustrative practical should be simulated with the help of any RF simulation software e.g. FEKO / HFSS / IE3D / Microwave Office / Microwave Studio or any other similar software:- 1. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of an Omni Directional Antenna.
2. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Directional Antenna.
 3. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Parabolic Reflector Antenna.
4. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Log Periodic Antenna.
5. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Patch Antenna.
6. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Dipole/ Folded Dipole Antenna.
7. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Yagi (3-EL/4EL) Antenna.
8. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Monopole/ WHIP/ Collinear Antenna.
9. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Broad site Antenna.
10. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Square Loop Antenna.


   
                                     EC-703   TV and Radar Engineering 


Unit I 
Basic Television System Introduction: Scanning principles: sound and picture transmission, scanning process, camera pick-up devices, video signal, transmission and reception of video signals, brightness perception and photometric quantities, aspect ratio and rectangular scanning, persistence of vision and flicker, vertical resolution, the Kell factor, horizontal resolution and video bandwidth, interlaced scanning. Composite Video Signal: Lines and scanning, video signal components, horizontal sync and blanking standards, vertical sync and blanking standards, video modulation and vestigial side band signal, sound modulation and inter-carrier system. Television Standards: Standard channel characteristics, reception of the vestigial side band signals, television broadcast channel, consolidated CCIR system-B standard, various television broadcast systems. Television Pick-up devices and Cameras: Camera lenses, auto-focus systems, television camera pick-ups, Silicon Vidicon, CCD image sensors, video processing of camera pick-up signal.

Unit II 
Colour Television  Colour fundamentals: mixing of colours and colour perception, chromaticity diagram, colour television camera, colour TV signals and transmission, NTSC, SECAM and PAL system, Trinitron picture tube, automatic degaussing, plasma, LCD displays. Television transmission and reception: requirement of TV broadcast transmission, design principle of TV transmitters, IF modulation, power output stages, block diagram of TV transmitter, co-channel interference and ghost images during propagation of television signals, antenna requirements for television system, block schematic and function requirements for television receivers, trends in circuit design, colour television receiver.  

Unit III 
Digital Television Technology Merits of digital technology, fully digital television system, digital television signals, digitized video parameters, digital video hardware, transmission of digital TV signals, bit rate reduction, digital TV receivers, video processor unit, audio processor unit. Other television systems: Closed Circuit television system (CCTV), Cable television system (CATV), multiplexed analog component encoding television system (MAC TV), High definition television system (HDTV), High definition multiplexed analog component television (HD-MAC TV), High Performance Computer Controlled TV (HPCC TV), 3-D stereoscopic television techniques..

Unit IV 
RADAR The Radar range equation, block diagram and operation, performance factors: prediction of range performance, minimum detectable signal, receiver noise, probability density functions, signal to noise ratios. Radar cross section of targets, transmitter power, pulse repetition frequency and range ambiguities, antenna parameters. The CW radar: the Doppler effect, FM-CW radar. The Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Radar: delay line cancellers.

Unit V 
Radar Receivers The radar receiver, noise figure, mixers, low noise front ends, displays- type A and PPI representations, duplexer and receiver protectors. Other Radar systems: Synthetic aperture radar, HF over the horizon radar, Air Surveillance Radar (ASR), Bistatic radar.

List of Experiments: Section A: Television Engg.
1.  (a) To Study the Circuit Description of RF Tuner Section.      (b) To Study the RF Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points.     (c ) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for RF Section.
2.  (a) To Study the Circuit Description of VIF Tuner Section. (b) To Study the VIF Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points. (c ) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for VIF Section.
3.  (a) To Study the Circuit Description of Video and Chroma Section Tuner Section. (b) To Study the Video and Chroma Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points (c ) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Video and Chroma Section.
4.  (a) To Observe the Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output Section through Various Test Point. (b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output Section.
5.  (a) To Observe the Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section through Various Test Point. (b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section.
6.  To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Sound Output Section.
7.  To Study the Circuit Description of Audio and Video Section Tuner Section.
 8.  (a) To Study the System Control Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points. (b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for System Control Section.

Section B: RADAR
1. Study of Doppler Effect.
 2. To Measure Speed of a fan and various Other Objects (Pendulum, Tuning Fork, Plate etc.)
3. To Simulate the Variable Speed of Moving Objects using Velocity Simulator.

                               
                                             EC-7101 Wireless Communications

Unit-I 
Introduction Applications and requirements of wireless services: history, types of services, requirements for the services, economic and social aspects. Technical challenges in wireless communications: multipath propagation, spectrum limitations, limited energy, user mobility, noise and interference-limited systems. Propagation mechanism: free space loss, reflection and transmission, diffraction, scattering by rough surfaces, waveguiding.  

Unit-II 
Wireless Propagation channels Statistical description of the wireless channel: time invariant and variant two path models, small-scale fading with and without a dominant component, Doppler spectra, temporal dependence of fading, large scale fading. Wideband and directional channel characteristics: causes of delay dispersion, system theoretic description of wireless channels, WSSUS model, condensed parameters, ultrawideband channels, directional description.  

Unit-III 
Channel models: Narrowband, wideband and directional models, deterministic channel-modelling methods. Channel sounding: Introduction, time domain measurements, frequency domain analysis, modified measurement methods, directionally resolved measurements. Antennas: Introduction, antennas for mobile stations, antennas for base stations.

Unit-IV 
Transceivers and signal processing: Structure of a wireless communication link: transceiver block structure, simplified models. Modulation formats, demodulator structure, error probability in AWGN channels, error probability in flat-fading channels, error probability in delay and frequency-dispersive fading channels.    

Unit V 
Diversity: Introduction, microdiversity, macrodiversity and simulcast, combination of signals, error probability in fading channels with diversity reception, transmit diversity. Equalizers: Introduction, linear equalizers, decision feedback equalizers, maximum likelihood sequence estimation (Viterbi detector), comparison of equalizer structures, fractional spaced equalizers, blind equalizers.


                                             EC-7102 Digital Image Processing   


Unit-I 
Digital Image Processing (DIP) Introduction, examples of fields that use DIP, fundamental Steps in DIP, components of an image processing System. Digital Image Fundamentals:  elements of visual perception, image sensing and acquisition, image sampling and quantization, basic relationships between pixels.    

Unit-II 
Image Transforms Two-dimensional (2-D) impulse and its shifting properties, 2-D continuous Fourier Transform pair, 2-D sampling and sampling theorem, 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), properties of 2-D DFT. Other transforms and their properties: Cosine transform, Sine transform, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform, Slant transform, KL transform.  

Unit-III 
Image Enhancement Spatial domain methods: basic intensity transformation functions, fundamentals of spatial filtering, smoothing spatial filters (linear and non-linear), sharpening spatial filters (unsharp masking and highboost filters), combined spatial enhancement method. Frequency domain methods: basics of filtering in frequency domain, image smoothing filters (Butterworth and Guassian low pass filters), image sharpening filters (Butterworth and Guassian high pass filters), selective filtering.    

Unit-IV 
Image Restoration Image degradation/restoration, noise models, restoration by spatial filtering, noise reduction by frequency domain filtering, linear position invariant degradations, estimation of degradation function, inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, image reconstruction from projection.

Unit-V 
Image Compression Fundamentals of data compression: basic compression methods: Huffman coding, Golomb coding, LZW coding, Run-Length coding, Symbol based coding. Digital Image Watermarking, Representation and Description- minimum perimeter polygons algorithm (MPP).


                                          EC-7103 Industrial Electronics


Unit I 
Rectifiers Uncontrolled, Half-Controlled and Fully Controlled Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers for Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Load, Use of Free-Wheel Diode, Dual Converter, Input and Output Performance Parameters, Heat Sink.

Unit II 
AC Voltage Regulators and Cyclo-converters Principle of On-Off Control and Phase Control, Single-Phase Voltage Controller for Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Load, Sequence Control of AC Voltage Controller, Three-Phase Voltage Regulator. Principle of Cyclo-converter, Single-Phase to Single-Phase Step-up and Step-Down Cyclo-Converter, Three-Phase to Single-Phase and Three-Phase to Three-Phase Cyclo-Converter.

Unit III 
Inverters Single-Phase Bridge Inverter, Three-Phase Inverters-180o and 120o Conduction Mode, Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters- Single, Multiple, Sinusoidal, Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation, Advanced Modulation Techniques- Trapezoidal, Staircase, Stepped, Harmonic Injection and Delta Modulation. Induction Motor AC Drives.

Unit IV 
Chopper Principle of Step-Down and Step-Up Chopper, Converter Classification, Multi-Phase Chopper, Switching-Mode Regulators-Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk Regulators, DC Drives.

Unit V
Residential and Industrial Application Space Heating and Air Conditioner, High Frequency Fluorescent Lighting, Electronic Timer, Battery Charger, Switch-Mode-Power- Supply (SMPS), Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), Static Switches, Induction Heating, Electric Welding, Introduction of HVDC and FACTs.


                                     
                                                        EC-7201 Satellite Communication   

Unit-I 
Overview of satellite systems: Introduction, Frequency allocations for satellite systems. Orbits and launching methods: Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion, terms used for earth orbiting satellites, orbital elements, apogee and perigee heights, orbit perturbations, inclined orbits, local mean solar point and sun-synchronous orbits, standard time.

Unit-II 
The Geostationary orbit: Introduction, antenna look angles, polar mount antenna, limits of visibility, near geostationary orbits, earth eclipse of satellite, sun transit outage, launching orbits. Polarization: antenna polarization, polarization of satellite signals, cross polarization discrimination. Depolarization: ionospheric, rain, ice.

Unit-III 
The Space segment: introduction, power supply, attitude control, station keeping, thermal control, TT&C subsystem, transponders, antenna subsystem, Morelos and Satmex 5, Anik-satellites, Advanced Tiros-N spacecraft. The Earth segment: introduction, receive-only home TV systems, master antenna TV system, Community antenna TV system, transmit-receive earth station.

Unit-IV 
The space link: Introduction, Equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIPR), transmission losses, the link power budget equation, system noise, carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N), the uplink, the downlink, effects of rain, combined uplink and downlink C/N ratio, intermodulation noise, inter-satellite links. Interference between satellite circuits.

Unit-V 
Satellite services VSAT (very small aperture terminal) systems: overview, network architecture, access control protocols, basic techniques, VSAT earth station, calculation of link margins for a VSAT star network. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) Television and radio: digital DBS TV, BDS TV system design and link budget, error control in digital DBS-TV, installation of DBS-TV antennas, satellite radio broadcasting.

               
                                                  EC-7202 Neural Networks


Unit-I
 Neural Network (NN) Introduction, benefits of neural network, models of a neuron, neural network as directed graph, network architectures, artificial intelligence and neural network.  Learning processes: error correction learning, memory based learning, Hebbian learning, competitive learning, Boltzman learning, learning tasks, adaptation, statistical nature of learning process, statistical learning theory.
Unit-II 
Perceptrons Single layer perceptrons: adaptive filtering problem, unconstrained optimization technique, linear least squares filter, least mean square algorithm (LMS), perceptron convergence theorem Multi layer perceptron: architecture, back propagation algorithm, generalization, approximations of functions, network pruning techniques.

Unit-III 
Radial Basis Function (RBF) Networks  Cover’s theorem on the separability of patterns, interpolation problem, supervised learning as an Ill-posed hypersurface reconstruction problem, regularization theory, regularization network, generalized radial basis function networks (RBF), estimation of the regularization parameter, approximation properties of RBF networks, comparison of RBF networks and multilayer perceptrons, Kernel regression and its relation to RBF networks, learning strategies.

Unit-IV 
Information- Theoretic Models    Entropy, maximum entropy principle, mutual information, Kullback-Leibler divergence, mutual information as an objective function to be optimized, maximum mutual information principle, infomax and redundancy reduction, spatially coherent and incoherent features, independent components analysis, maximum likelihood estimation, maximum entropy method.

Unit V
 Dynamically Driven Recurrent Networks introduction, recurrent network architectures, state space model, non-linear autogressive with exogenous inputs model, computational power of recurrent networks, learning algorithms, back propagation through time, real time recurrent learning, Kalman filter, decoupled Kalman filter, vanishing gradients in recurrent networks, system identification, model reference adaptive control.


                                             EC-7203 Random Signal Theory     


Unit-I 
Introduction: Random input signals, random disturbances, random system characteristics, random experiments and events. Random variables: Concept of random variable, distribution functions, density functions, mean values and moments, the Guassian random variable, density functions related to guassian- Rayleigh  distribution, Maxwell distribution, Chi-square distribution, log normal distribution. Other distribution functions-uniform distribution, exponential distribution, delta distribution. Conditional probability distribution and density functions.

Unit-II 
Several random variables: Two random variables, joint conditional probability, statistical independence, correlation between random variables, density function of the sum of two random variables, probability density function of a function of two random variables, the characteristic function. Elements of statistics: Sampling theory- the sample mean, the sample variance, sampling distributions and confidence interval, hypothesis testing, curve fitting and linear regression, correlation between two sets of data.

Unit-III 
Random Processes: Continuous and discrete, deterministic and nondeterministic, stationary and nonstationary, ergodic and nonergodic. Correlation functions: Introduction, autocorrelation function of a binary process, properties of auto correlation functions, examples of autocorrelation functions, crosscorrelation functions, properties of crosscorrelation functions, examples and applications of crosscorrelation functions, correlation matrices for sampled functions.

Unit-IV 
Spectral Density: Introduction, relation of spectral density to the fourier transform, properties of spectral density, spectral density and the complex frequency plane, mean square values from spectral density, relation of spectral density to the autocorrelation function, white noise, cross spectral density, examples and applications of spectral density,  

Unit-V
Response of linear systems to random input: Analysis in the time domain, mean and mean square value of system output, autocorrelation function of system output, crosscorrelation between input and output, spectral density at the system output. Optimum linear systems: Criteria of optimality, restrictions on the optimum system, optimization by parameter adjustment, systems that maximize signal-to-noise ratio, systems that minimize mean square error.


                                   EC-704 Major Project (Planning and Literature Survey)

The Major Project Work provides students an opportunity to do something on their own and under the supervision of a guide.
Each student shall work on an approved project, which should be selected from some real life problem as far as possible, which may
involve fabrication, design or investigation of a technical problem. The project work involves sufficient work so that students get
acquainted with different aspects of manufacturing, design or analysis. The student also have to keep in mind that in final semester they
would be required to implement whatever has been planned in the major project in this semester. It is possible that a work, which
involves greater efforts and time, may be taken up at this stage and finally completed in final semester, but partial completion report
should be submitted in this semester and also evaluated internally. At the end of semester, all students are required to submit a
synopsis.

                                       DC-21 Industrial Training EC-705 L 0 

For the assessment of industrial training undertaken by the students, following components are considered with respective weightage.
(A) Term work In Industry  Marks allotted
1. Attendance and General Discipline 05
2. Daily diary Maintenance 05
3. Initiative and Participative attitude during training 05
4. Assessment of training by Industrial Supervisor/s 15
Total 30
(B) Practical/Oral Examination (Viva-voce In Institution Marks allotted
1. Training Report 20
2. Seminar and cross questioning (defense) 30
Total 50
Marks of various components in industry should be awarded to the student, in consultation with the Training and Placement
Officer (TPO)/ Faculty of the institute, who must establish contact with the supervisor/ authorities of the organization where,
students have taken training, to award the marks for term work. During training, students will prepare a first draft of the training
report in consultation with the section incharge. After training they will prepare final draft with the help of the TPO/ faculty of the
institute. Then, they will present a seminar on their training and will face viva-voce on training in the institute.

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RGPV B.E Computer Science 7th Sem Syllabus

                                                            CS701 Compiler Design  


Unit-I 
Introduction to compiling & Lexical Analysis Introduction of Compiler, Major data Structure in compiler, BOOT Strapping & Porting, Compiler structure: analysis-synthesis model of compilation, various phases of a compiler, Lexical analysis: Input buffering , Specification & Recognition of Tokens, LEX.

Unit-II 
Syntax Analysis &Syntax Directed Translation Syntax analysis: CFGs, Top down parsing, Brute force approach, recursive descent parsing, transformation on the grammars, predictive parsing, bottom up parsing, operator precedence parsing, LR parsers (SLR,LALR, LR),Parser generation.Syntax directed definitions: Construction of Syntax trees, Bottom up evaluation of S-attributed definition, L-attribute definition, Top down translation, Bottom Up evaluation of inherited attributes Recursive  Evaluation, Analysis of Syntax directed definition.

Unit-III 
Type Checking & Run Time Environment Type checking: type system, specification of simple type checker, equivalence of expression, types, type conversion, overloading of functions and operations, polymorphic functions. Run time Environment: storage organization, Storage allocation strategies, parameter passing, dynamic storage allocation , Symbol table

Unit –IV 
Code Generation Intermediate code generation: Declarations, Assignment statements, Boolean expressions, Case statements, Back patching, Procedure calls Code Generation: Issues in the design of code generator, Basic block and flow graphs, Register allocation and assignment, DAG representation of basic blocks, peephole optimization, generating code from DAG.

Unit –V 
Code Optimization Introduction to Code optimization: sources of optimization of basic blocks, loops in flow graphs, dead code elimination, loop optimization, Introduction to global data flow analysis, Code Improving transformations ,Data flow analysis of structure flow graph Symbolic debugging of optimized code.

List of Experiments:

1.Develop a lexical analyzer to recognize a few patterns.
2.Write a programme to parse using Brute force technique of Topdown parsing.
3.Develop LL (1) parser (Construct parse table also).
4.Develop an operator precedence parser (Construct parse table also)
5.Develop a recursive descent parser
6.Write a program for generating for various intermediate code forms i) Three address code ii) Polish notation  Write a program to simulate Heap storage allocation strategy
7.Generate Lexical analyzer using LEX
8.Generate YACC specification for a few syntactic categories.
9.Given any intermediate code form implement code optimization techniques
Study of an Object Oriented  Compiler                    


                                      CS702 Distributed  System        


Unit-I
Introduction to distributed systems Architecture for Distributed System, Goals of Distributed system, Hardware and Software concepts, Distributed Computing Model, Advantages & Disadvantage distributed system, Issues in designing Distributed System,

Unit-II 
Distributed Share Memory And Distributed File System Basic Concept of Distributed Share Memory (DSM), DSM Architecture & its Types, Design & Implementations issues In DSM System, Structure of Share Memory Space, Consistency Model, and Thrashing. Desirable features of good Distributed File System, File Model, File Service Architecture, File Accessing Model, File Sharing Semantics, File Catching Scheme, File Application & Fault tolerance. Naming: - Features, System Oriented Names, Object Locating Mechanism, Human Oriented Name.

Unit-III 
Inter Process Communication And Synchronization API for Internet Protocol, Data Representation & Marshaling, Group Communication, Client Server Communication, RPC- Implementing RPC Mechanism, Stub Generation, RPC Messages. Synchronization: - Clock Synchronization, Mutual Exclusion, Election Algorithms:- Bully & Ring Algorithms.

Unit-IV
Distributed Scheduling And Deadlock Distributed Scheduling-Issues in Load Distributing, Components for Load Distributing Algorithms, Different Types of Load Distributing Algorithms, Task Migration and its issues. Deadlock-Issues in deadlock detection & Resolutions, Deadlock Handling Strategy, Distributed  Deadlock Algorithms,

Unit-V 
Distributed Multimedia & Database system Distributed Data Base Management System(DDBMS), Types of Distributed Database, Distributed Multimedia:- Characteristics of multimedia Data, Quality of Service Managements. Case Study of Distributed System:- Amoeba, Mach, Chorus   References:  Sinha, Distributed Operating System Concept & Design, PHI  Coulouris & Dollimore, Distributed System Concepts and Design, Pearson Pub  Singhal & Shivratari, Advance Concept in Operating System, McGraw Hill  Attiya & Welch, Distributed Computing, Wiley Pub.  



                   CS703 INFORMATION STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT  


Unit-I 
Introduction to Storage Technology: Data proliferation, evolution of various storage technologies,
Overview of storage infrastructure components, Information Lifecycle Management, Data
categorization.

Unit-II 
Storage Systems Architecture: Intelligent disk subsystems overview, Contrast of integrated vs.
modular arrays, Component architecture of intelligent disk subsystems, Disk physical structure
components, properties, performance, and specifications, RAID levels & parity algorithms, hot
sparing, Front end to host storage provisioning, mapping and operation.

Unit-III 
Introduction to Networked Storage: JBOD, DAS, NAS, SAN & CAS evolution and comparision.
Applications, Elements, connectivity, standards, management, security and limitations of DAS,
NAS, CAS & SAN.

Unit -IV
Hybrid Storage solutions; Virtualization: Memory, network, server, storage & appliances.
Data center concepts & requirements, Backup & Disaster Recovery: Principles
Managing & Monitoring:  Industry management standards (SNMP, SMI-S, CIM), standard
framework applications, Key management metrics (Thresholds, availability, capacity, security,
performance).

Unit-V 
Information storage  on cloud :Concept of Cloud, Cloud Computing, storage on Cloud, Cloud
Vocabulary,  Architectural Framework, Cloud benefits,  Cloud computing Evolution,
Applications & services on cloud, Cloud service providers and Models, Essential characteristics
of cloud computing, Cloud Security and integration.



                                          CS 7101 Network Management  


Unit-I 
Introduction to Network Managements, Network Management Framework, Network Based  Managements, Evolution of Network Management: SGMP, CMIP, SNMP. Network  Implementation and Management Strategies, Network Management Categories: Performance  Management, Fault Management, Configuration Management, Security Managements, Accounting  Managements. Network Management Configuration:  Centralized Configuration, Distributed  Configuration. Selected Management Strategy.

Unit –II 
Management Information Base (MIB), Structure of Management Information, NMS Presentation of the SMI, NMS Meter-ware Network View. Remote Monitoring (RMON), RMON Group. Desktop  Management: Desktop Management Interface(DMI), DMI Architecture, DMI Browser, DMI/SNMP Mapping, Desktop SNMP Extension Agents. Setting up LAN Access, SNMP Configuration.

Unit-III 
Introduction, layering, OSI Layering, TCP/IP Layering, Protocols & Standards, Internet standards, Internet administration, Internet Addresses, Internet protocol: introduction, IP header, IP routing, subnet addressing, subnet mask, special case of IP addresses,  Comparative Study of IPV4 & IPV6, port numbers Address Resolution Protocol, ARP packet format, Proxy ARP, ARP command, ARP Example, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP): Introduction, RARP Packet format, RARP Examples, RARP server design

Unit-IV 
Delivery and Routing of IP Packets, Routing Methods, Static versus Dynamic Routing, Routing table and Routing Module, Classless Addressing: CIDR. Internet Protocol (IP), Datagram, Fragmentation, Options, IP Package. Interior and Exterior Routing, Routing information protocol  (RIP), Open shortest path first protocol (OSPF), BGP, GGP. Private Networks. Virtual Private  Network (VPN), Network Address Translation (NAT).

Unit –V
Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMP):- Types of message, message format, error reporting, query, checksum, ICMP Package. IGMP, IGMP Message and its Operation, IGMP Package.Transmission control protocol, Process-to-Process Communication, TCP Services Flow Control, TCP Timers. TCP Operation, TCP Package.. Application layers protocol, Telnet Protocol, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), X-Window system protocol, Remote procedure call, and Network file system.


                                    CS 7102 Real Time Fault Tolerant Systems  


Unit-I 
Structure of Real Time System, Performance Measure for real time system, Task Assignments,Fault Tolerant Scheduling, Real Time Vs General purpose Data Bases, Data Bases for Hard Real Time System, Real Time Communication

Unit-II
Fault Tolerance, Fault-Error-Failure. Redundancy, Error Detection, Damage Confinement, Error Recovery, Fault Treatment, Fault Prevention, anticipated and unanticipated Faults. Error models: General coding scheme Error detection techniques: Watchdog processors, Heartbeats, consistency and capability checking, Data audits, Assertions, Control-flow checking, Error control coding. Application: DHCP

Unit-III 
Fault tolerance: Coding technique-fault tolerant self checking and fail safe circuits-fault tolerance in combinatorial and sequential circuits- synchronous and asynchronous fail safe circuits. Software fault tolerance: Process pairs, robust data structures, N version programming, Recovery blocks, Replica consistency & reintegration, multithreaded programs Application: VAX. Network fault tolerance: Reliable communication protocols, Agreement protocols, Database commit protocols -Application: Distributed SQL server Check pointing & Recovery - Application: Micro check pointing, IRIX Checkpoints

Unit-IV 
Experimental Evaluation: Modelling and simulation based, Fault injection based - Application: NFTAPE fault injector . Modelling for performance, dependability and perform ability: dependability-specific methods (fault trees, reliability block diagrams), queues, stochastic Petri nets and stochastic activity networks - Application: Ultra SAN

Unit-V
Practical Systems for Fault Tolerance: - Application: Ad-hoc wireless network - Application: NASA Remote Exploration & Experimentation System Architecture: Fault tolerant computers - general purpose commercial systems-fault tolerant multiprocessor and VLSI based communication architecture. Fault tolerant software: Design-N-version programming recovery block - acceptance tests-fault trees- validation of fault tolerant systems.  



                                        CS 7103  Embedded Computer Systems 


Unit – I
Introduction to Embedded systems Embedded Systems Vs General Computing Systems, Classification of Embedded Systems,  Major application areas of Embedded Systems, Purpose of Embedded systems ,Core of  the Embedded system, Memory, Sensors and Actuators, Communication Interface, Embedded firmware, PCB and Passive Components, Characteristics and Quality attributes of a Embedded System .

Unit – II 
Design of Embedded Systems with 8bit Microcontrollers-8051 Factors for considering in selecting a Controller ,Designing with 8051 microcontroller Different addressing modes supported by 8051 , Instruction set for 8051 microcontroller. Fundamental issues in Hardware Software Co-Design , Computational models in Embedded Design .

Unit – III 
Embedded Hardware & Firmware Design and Development Analog &Digital Electronic components, VLSI & Integrated circuit design, Electronic Design Automation tools , PCB layout Design and its fabrication .Embedded firmware design approaches , Embedded firmware Development Languages ,Programming in Embedded C . Integration and testing of Embedded Hardware and Firmware , Safe & robust Design, Reliability, Faults, errors & Failure, Functional Design, Architecture Design, Prototyping.

Unit -IV 
Embedded System Development Environment Integrated Development Environment (IDE) , Types of files Generated on Cross- Compilation , Disassembler / Decompiler, Simulators, Emulators and Debugging, Boundary Scan.

Unit – V 
Embedded Product Development Lifecycle(EDLC) and Trends in Embedded Industry What is EDLC ,Objectives of EDLC , Different phases of EDLC , EDLC Approaches-Linear  or waterfall model , Iterative Model , Prototyping/Evolutionary Model, Spiral Model . Processor trends in Industry , Embedded OS Trends , Development Language trends Open Standards, Frameworks and Alliances , Bottlenecks.



                                               CS 7201 Network & Web Security  


UNIT I 
Introduction to Network Security, Computer Securit y and Cyber Security. Security Terminologies and Principle, Security Threats, Types of attacks (Operating System, application level, Shrink Wrap code, Misconfiguration attacks etc.).  Introduction to Intrusion, Terminologies, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Types of Intrusion  Detection Systems, System Integrity Verifiers (SIVS).Indication of Intrusion: System Indications, File System Indications Network Indications. Intrusion Detection Tools ,Post attack IDS Measures & Evading IDS Systems. Penetration Testing, Categories of security assessments, Vulnerability Assessment, Types of Penetration Testing. Risk Management.

UNIT II 
Cryptography, Classical Cryptographic Techniques, Encryption, Decryption, Code Breaking: Methodologies, Cryptanalysis, Cryptography Attacks, Brute-Force Attack, Use of Cryptography. Public key cryptography, Principles of Public key Cryptosystems, Cryptographic Algorithms RSA, Data Encryption Standard (DES), RC4, RC5, RC6, Blowfish, Key Management, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, elliptic curve cryptography.

UNIT III 
Hash Functions, One-way Hash Functions, SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm), Authentication  Requirements, Authentication Functions, Kerberos. Message Authentication codes ,Message Digest  Functions, MD5, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), SSH (Secure Shell), Algorithms and Security, Disk  Encryption, Government Access to Keys (GAK)
Digital Signature: Analysis, Components, Method, Applications, Standard, Algorithm: Signature Generation/Verification, ECDSA, EIgamal Signature Scheme, Digital Certificates.

UNIT IV 
Trojans and Backdoors: Overt and Covert Channels, Working, Types (Remote Access Trojans, Data-Sending Trojans, Destructive Trojans, Trojans, Proxy Trojans, FTP Trojans, Security Software Disablers). Viruses and Worms: Characteristics, Working, Infection Phase, Attack Phase. Sniffers: Definition, spoofing, Sniffing, Vulnerable Protocols, Types. Phishing: Methods, Process, Attacks Types (Man-in-the-Middle Attacks, URL Obfuscation Attacks, Hidden Attacks, Client-side Vulnerabilities, Deceptive Phishing, Malware-Based Phishing, DNSBased Phishing, Content-Injection Phishing, Search Engine Phishing). Web Application Security- Secured authentication mechanism, secured session management, Cross-site Scripting, SQL Injection and other vulnerabilities
Denial-of Service Attacks: Types of Attacks (Smurf Attack, Buffer Overflow Attack, Ping of Death Attack, Teardrop Attack, SYN Attack, SYN Flooding), DDoS Attack(Distributed DoS Attack.), Session Hijacking, Spoofing v Hijacking, TCP/IP hijacking, CAPTCHA Protection

UNIT V 
IP Security, Web Security, Firewalls: Types, Operation, Design Principles, Trusted Systems. Computer Forensics, Need, Objectives,Stages & Steps of Forensic Investigation in Tracking Cyber Criminals, Incident Handling. Hacking, Classes of Hacker (Black hats, grey hats, white hats, suicide hackers), Footprinting, Scanning (Types-Port, Network, Vulnerability), E-Mail Spiders, Overview of System Hacking Cycle.
List of Experiments: 1. Footprinting using footprinting tools(Open Source & Free)(ex-nslookup, ARIN, Whois, Google Earth etc..) 2. Scanning for vulnerabilities using (Angry IP, HPing2, IPScanner, Global Network Inventory Scanner, Net Tools Suite Pack.) 3. NetBIOS Enumeration Using NetView Tool, Nbtstat Enumeration Tool (Open Source). 4. Steganography using tools: Tool: Merge Streams, Image Hide, Stealth Files, Blindside, STools, Steghide, Steganos, Pretty Good Envelop, Stegdetect,. 5. Steganalysis - Stego Watch- Stego Detection Tool, StegSpy. 6. How to Detect Trojans by using – Netstat, fPort, TCPView, CurrPorts Tool, Process Viewer. 7. Lan Scanner using look@LAN, wireshark. 8. Understanding DoS Attack Tools- Jolt2 , Bubonic.c, Land and LaTierra, Targa,   Nemesy Blast, Panther2, Crazy Pinger, Some Trouble, UDP Flood, FSMax.



                                                   CS 7202 Simulation and Modeling   


Unit-I
Introduction to Modeling and Simulation Nature of Simulation. Systems , Models and Simulation, Continuous and Discrete Systems, system modeling, concept of simulation, Components of a simulation study, Principles used in modeling  Static and Dynamic physical models, Static and Dynamic Mathematical models Introduction to Static and Dynamic System simulation , Advantages ,Disadvantages and pitfalls of Simulation.

Unit-II
System Simulation and Continuous System Simulation Types of System Simulation, Monte Carlo Method, Comparision of analytical and Simulation methods, Numerical Computation techniques for Continuous and Discrete Models, Distributed Lag Models, Cobweb Model. Continuous System models, Analog and Hybrid computers, Digital-Analog Simulators, Continuous system simulation languages ,Hybrid simulation ,Real Time simulations.

Unit –III 
System Dynamics & Probability concepts in Simulation Exponential growth and decay models, logistic curves ,Generalization of growth models , System dynamics diagrams, Multi segment models , Representation of Time Delays. Discrete and Continuous probability functions, Continuous Uniformly Distributed Random Numbers, Generation of a Random numbers, Generating Discrete distributions, Non-Uniform  Continuously Distributed Random Numbers, Rejection Method.

Unit-IV 
Simulation of Queueing Systems and Discrete System Simulation Poisson arrival patterns, Exponential distribution, Service times, Normal Distribution Queuing Disciplines, Simulation of single and two server queue. Application of queuing theory in computer system. Discrete Events ,Generation of arrival patterns, Simulation programming tasks, Gathering statistics, Measuring occupancy and Utilization, Recording Distributions and Transit times .

Unit-V   
Introduction to Simulation languages and Analysis of Simulation output GPSS: Action times, Succession of events, Choice of paths, Conditional transfers, program control statements . SIMSCRIPT: Organization of SIMSCRIPT Program, Names & Labels, SIMSCRIPT statements . Estimation methods , Relication of Runs, Batch Means , Regenerative techniques , Time Series Analysis , Spectral Analysis and Autoregressive Processes.                    

List of Experiments:-

1. Simulate CPU scheduling algorithm using queueing system a) FCFS b) SJF c) Priority Algo
2. Simulate multiplexer/concentrator using queuing system
3. Simulate congestion control algorithms.
4. Simulate disk scheduling algorithms.
5. Simulate a Manufacturing shop and write a program in GPSS.
6. Simulate Telephone system model and write a program in SIMSCRIPT.
                                   

                                       CS 7203 Data Mining & Knowledge Discovery  


Unit-I 
Introduction, to Data warehousing, needs for developing data Warehouse, Data warehouse  systems and its Components, Design of Data Warehouse, Dimension and Measures, Data Marts:-Dependent Data Marts, Independents Data Marts & Distributed Data Marts, Conceptual  Modeling of Data Warehouses:-Star Schema, Snowflake Schema, Fact Constellations. Multidimensional Data Model & Aggregates.

Unit-II 
OLAP, Characteristics of OLAP System, Motivation for using OLAP, Multidimensional View and  Data Cube, Data Cube Implementations, Data Cube Operations, Guidelines for OLAP Implementation, Difference between OLAP & OLTP, OLAP Servers:-ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP Queries.

UNIT-III
 Introduction to Data Mining, Knowledge Discovery, Data Mining Functionalities, Data Mining System categorization and its Issues. Data Processing :- Data Cleaning, Data Integration and  Transformation. Data Reduction, Data Mining Statistics. Guidelines for Successful Data Mining.

Unit-IV
Association Rule Mining:-Introduction, Basic, The Task and a Naïve Algorithm, Apriori Algorithms, Improving the efficiency of the Apriori Algorithm, Apriori-Tid, Direct Hasing and Pruning(DHP),Dynamic Itemset Counting (DIC), Mining Frequent Patterns without Candidate  Generation(FP-Growth),Performance Evaluation of Algorithms,.

Unit-V 
Classification:-Introduction, Decision Tree, The Tree Induction Algorithm, Split Algorithms Based on Information Theory, Split Algorithm Based on the Gini Index, Overfitting and Pruning, Decision  Trees Rules, Naïve Bayes Method. Cluster Analysis:- Introduction, Desired Features of Cluster Analysis, Types of Cluster Analysis  Methods:- Partitional Methods, Hierarchical Methods, Density- Based Methods, Dealing with Large Databases. Quality and Validity of Cluster Analysis Methods.



                                      

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