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RGPV B.E Electronics&Communication 7th Sem (Grading System) Syllabus

Thursday, July 4

                          EC 701 Elective – I (EC – 7011 Wireless Communication) 


Unit-I 
Introduction Applications and requirements of wireless services: history, types of services, requirements for the services, economic and social aspects. Technical challenges in wireless communications: multipath propagation, spectrum limitations, limited energy, user mobility, noise and interference-limited systems. Propagation mechanism: free space loss, reflection and transmission, diffraction, scattering by rough surfaces, wave guiding.

Unit-II 
Wireless Propagation channels Statistical description of the wireless channel: time invariant and variant two path models, small-scale fading with and without a dominant component, Doppler spectra, temporal dependence of fading, large scale fading. Wideband and directional channel characteristics: causes of delay dispersion, system theoretic description of wireless channels, WSSUS model, condensed parameters, ultra wideband channels, directional description.

Unit-III
Channel models: Narrowband, wideband and directional models, deterministic channel-modeling methods. Channel sounding: Introduction, time domain measurements, frequency domain analysis, modified measurement methods, directionally resolved measurements. Antennas: Introduction, antennas for mobile stations, antennas for base stations.

Unit-IV 
Transceivers and signal processing: Structure of a wireless communication link: transceiver block structure, simplified models. Modulation formats, demodulator structure, error probability in AWGN channels, error probability in flat-fading channels, error probability in delay and frequency-dispersive fading channels.

Unit V 
Diversity: Introduction, microdiversity, macrodiversity and simulcast, combination of signals, error probability in fading channels with diversity reception, transmit diversity. Equalizers: Introduction, linear equalizers, decision feedback equalizers, maximum likelihood sequence estimation (Viterbi detector), comparison of equalizer structures, fractional spaced equalizers, blind equalizers.




                        EC 701 Elective – I (EC – 7012 Digital Image Processing)   



Unit-I 
Digital Image Processing (DIP) Introduction, examples of fields that use DIP, fundamental steps in DIP, components of an image processing system. Digital Image Fundamentals: elements of visual perception, image sensing and acquisition, image sampling and quantization, basic relationships between pixels.

Unit-II 
Image Transforms Two-dimensional (2D) impulse and its shifting properties, 2D continuous Fourier Transform pair, 2D sampling and sampling theorem, 2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), properties of 2D DFT. Other transforms and their properties: Cosine transform, Sine transform, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform, Slant transform, KL transform.

Unit-III 
Image Enhancement Spatial domain methods: basic intensity transformation functions, fundamentals of spatial filtering, smoothing spatial filters (linear and non-linear), sharpening spatial filters (unsharp masking and high boost filters), combined spatial enhancement method. Frequency domain methods: basics of filtering in frequency domain, image smoothing filters (Butterworth and Gaussian low pass filters), image sharpening filters (Butterworth and Gaussian high pass filters), selective filtering.

Unit-IV
Image Restoration Image degradation/restoration, noise models, restoration by spatial filtering, noise reduction by frequency domain filtering, linear position invariant degradations, estimation of degradation function, inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, image reconstruction from projection.

Unit-V 
Image Compression Fundamentals of data compression: basic compression methods: Huffman coding, Golomb coding, LZW coding, Run-Length coding, Symbol based coding. Digital image watermarking, representation and description- minimum perimeter polygons algorithm (MPP).




                             EC 701 Elective – I (EC – 7013 Neural Networks)  


Unit-I
Neural Network (NN) Introduction, benefits of neural network, models of a neuron, neural network as directed graph, network architectures, artificial intelligence and neural network. Learning processes: error correction learning, memory based learning, Hebbian learning, competitive learning, Boltzman learning, learning tasks, adaptation, statistical nature of learning process, statistical learning theory.

Unit-II 
Perceptrons Single layer perceptrons: adaptive filtering problem, unconstrained optimization technique, linear least squares filter, least mean square algorithm (LMS), perceptron convergence theorem Multi layer perceptron: architecture, back propagation algorithm, generalization, approximations of functions, network pruning techniques.

Unit-III 
Radial Basis Function (RBF) Networks Cover’s theorem on the separability of patterns, interpolation problem, supervised learning as an Ill-posed hyper surface reconstruction problem, regularization theory, regularization network, generalized radial basis function networks (RBF), estimation of the regularization parameter, approximation properties of RBF networks, comparison of RBF networks and multilayer perceptrons, Kernel regression and its relation to RBF networks, learning strategies.

Unit-IV 
Information- Theoretic Models Entropy, maximum entropy principle, mutual information, Kullback-Leibler divergence, mutual information as an objective function to be optimized, maximum mutual information principle, infomax and redundancy reduction, spatially coherent and incoherent features, independent components analysis, maximum likelihood estimation, maximum entropy method.

Unit V 
Dynamically Driven Recurrent Networks introduction, recurrent network architectures, state space model, non-linear autogressive with exogenous inputs model, computational power of recurrent networks, learning algorithms, back propagation through time, real time recurrent learning, Kalman filter, decoupled Kalman filter, vanishing gradients in recurrent networks, system identification, model reference adaptive control.




                                            EC-702 Satellite Communication    



Unit-I 
Overview of satellite systems: Introduction, Frequency allocations for satellite systems. Orbits and launching methods: Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion, terms used for earth orbiting satellites, orbital elements, apogee and perigee heights, orbit perturbations, inclined orbits, local mean solar point and sun-synchronous orbits, standard time.

Unit-II 
The Geostationary orbit: Introduction, antenna look angles, polar mount antenna, limits of visibility, near geostationary orbits, earth eclipse of satellite, sun transit outage, launching orbits. Polarization: antenna polarization, polarization of satellite signals, cross polarization discrimination. Depolarization: ionospheric, rain, ice.

Unit-III 
The Space segment: introduction, power supply, attitude control, station keeping, thermal control, TT&C subsystem, transponders, antenna subsystem, Morelos and Satmex 5, Anik-satellites, Advanced Tiros-N spacecraft. The Earth segment: introduction, receive-only home TV systems, master antenna TV system, Community antenna TV system, transmit-receive earth station.

Unit-IV
The space link: Introduction, Equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIPR), transmission losses, the link power budget equation, system noise, carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N), the uplink, the downlink, effects of rain, combined uplink and downlink C/N ratio, inter modulation noise, inter-satellite links. Interference between satellite circuits.

Unit-V 
Satellite services VSAT (very small aperture terminal) systems: overview, network architecture, access control protocols, basic techniques, VSAT earth station, calculation of link margins for a VSAT star network. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) Television and radio: digital DBS TV, BDS TV system design and link budget, error control in digital DBS-TV, installation of DBS-TV antennas, satellite radio broadcasting.



                                              EC-703 Optical Communication     



Unit-I 
Overview of Optical Fiber Communications (OFC): Motivation, optical spectral bands, key elements of optical fiber systems. Optical fibers: basic optical laws and definitions, optical fiber modes and configurations, mode theory for circular waveguides, single mode fibers, graded-index fiber structure, fiber materials, photonic crystal fibers, fiber fabrication, fiber optic cables.

Unit-II 
Optical sources: Light emitting diodes (LED): structures, materials, quantum efficiency, LED power, modulation of an LED. Laser diodes: modes, threshold conditions, laser diode rate equations, external quantum efficiency, resonant frequencies, structure and radiation patterns, single mode lasers, modulation of laser diodes. Power launching and coupling: source to fiber power launching, fiber to fiber joints, LED coupling to single mode fibers, fiber splicing, optical fiber connectors.

Unit-III 
Photo detectors: pin photo detector, avalanche photodiodes, photo detector noise, detector response time, avalanche multiplication noise. Signal degradation in optical fibers: Attenuation: units, absorption, scattering losses, bending losses, core and cladding losses. Signal distortion in fibers: overview of distortion origins, modal delay, factors contributing to delay, group delay, material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion. Characteristics of single mode fibers: refractive index profiles, cutoff wavelength, dispersion calculations, mode field diameter, bending loss calculation. Specialty fibers.

Unit-IV 
Optical receivers: fundamental receiver operation, digital receiver performance, eye diagrams, coherent detection: homodyne and heterodyne, burst mode receiver, analog receivers. Digital links: point to point links, link power budget, rise time budget, power penalties. Analog links: overview of analog links, carrier to noise ratio, multi channel transmission techniques.

Unit-V 
Optical technologies Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) concepts: operational principles of WDM, passive optical star coupler, isolators, circulators, active optical components: MEMS technology, variable optical attenuators, tunable optical filters, dynamic gain equalizers, polarization controller, chromatic dispersion compensators. Optical amplifiers: basic applications and types of optical amplifiers, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA): amplification mechanism, architecture, power conversion efficiency and gain. Amplifier noise, optical SNR, system applications. Performance Measurement and monitoring: measurement standards, basic test equipment, optical power measurements, optical fiber characterization, eye diagram tests, optical time-domain reflectometer, optical performance monitoring.


List of Experiments:
1. Launching of light into the optical fiber and calculate the numerical aperture and V-number.
2. Observing Holograms and their study.
3. Measurement of attenuation loss in an optical fiber.
4. Diffraction using gratings.
5. Construction of Michelson interferometer.
6. Setting up a fiber optic analog link and study of PAM.
7. Setting up a fiber optic digital link and study of TDM and Manchester coding.
8. Measurement of various misalignment losses in an optical fiber.                                                  
 



                                            EC-704 Microwave Engineering     


Unit-I 
Microwave Transmission System General representation of EM field in terms of TEM, TE and TM components, Uniform guide structures, rectangular wave guides, Circular Wave guides, Solution in terms of various modes, Properties of propagating and evanescent modes, Dominant modes, Normalized model voltages and currents, Power flow and energy storage in modes frequency range of operation for single mode working, effect of higher order modes, Strip line and micro strip lines general properties, Comparison of coaxial, Micro strip and rectangular wave guides in terms of band width, power handling capacity, economical consideration etc.

Unit-II
Microwave Networks and Component Transmission line ports of microwave network, Scattering matrix, Properties of scattering matrix of reciprocal, Non reciprocal, loss less, Passive networks, Examples of two, three and four port networks, wave guide components like attenuator, Phase shifters and couplers, Flanges, Bends, Irises, Posts, Loads, Principle of operation and properties of E-plane, H-plane Tee junctions of wave guides, Hybrid T, Multi-hole directional coupler, Directional couplers, Microwave resonators- rectangular. Excitation of wave guide and resonators by couplers. Principles of operation of non reciprocal devices, properties of ferrites, Isolators and phase shifters.

Unit-III
Microwave Solid State Devices and Application PIN diodes, Properties and applications, Microwave detector diodes, detection characteristics, Varactor diodes, parametric amplifier fundamentals, Manley-Rowe power relation MASER, LASER , Amplifiers, Frequency converters and harmonic generators using varactor diodes, Transferred electron devices, Gunn effect, Various modes of operation of Gunn oscillator, IMPATT, TRAPATT and BARITT.

Unit-IV
Microwave Vacuum Tube Devices Interaction of electron beam with electromagnetic field, power transfer condition. Principles of working of two cavity and Reflex Klystrons, arrival time curve and oscillation conditions in reflex klystrons, mode- frequency characteristics. Effect of repeller voltage variation on power and frequency of output. Principle of working of magnetrons. Electron dynamics in planar and cylindrical magnetrons, Cutoff magnetic field, Resonant cavities in magnetron, Π-mode operation Mode separation techniques, Rising sun cavity and strapping. Principle of working of TWT amplifier. Slow wave structures, Approximate gain relationship in forward wave TWT.

Unit-V 
Microwave Measurements Square law detection, Broadband and tuned detectors. Wave-guide probes, Probe and detector mounts, Slotted line  arrangement and VSWR meter, Measurement of wave-guide impedance at load port by slotted line, Microwave bench components and source modulation. Measurement of scattering matrix parameters, High, Medium and low-level power measurement techniques, Characteristics of bolometers, bolometer mounts, Power measurement bridges, Microwave frequency measurement techniques, calibrated resonators (transmission and absorption type). Network Analyzer and its use in measurements.

List of Experiments: Following illustrative practical should be simulated with the help of any RF simulation software:-
1. Study the characteristics of Klystron Tube and to determine its electronic tuning range.
2. To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular wave-guide working on TE10 mode.
3. To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and reflection coefficient.
4. To measure an unknown impedance with Smith Chart.
5. To study the V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.
6. To study the following characteristics of Gunn Diode.
(a) Output power and frequency as a function of voltage.
(b) Square wave modulation through PIN diode.
7. Study the function of Magic Tee by measuring the following parameters.
(a) Measurement of VSWR at different ports and
(b) Measurement of isolation and coupling coefficient.
8. Study the function of Isolator / Circulator by measuring the following parameters.
(a) Input VSWR measurement of Isolator / Circulator.
(b) Measurement of insertion loss and isolation.
9. Study the function of Attenuator (Fixed and Variable type) by measuring the following parameters.
(a) Input VSWR measurement.
(b) Measurement of insertion loss and attenuation.
10. Study the function of Multi Hole Directional Coupler by measuring the following parameters.
(a) To measure main line and auxiliary line VSWR.
(b) To measure the coupling factor and directivity.
11. Study of a network analyzer and measurements using it.                        
 



                                                   EC-705 VLSI Design   


UNIT I
Practical Consideration and Technology in VLSI Design Introduction, Size and complexity of Integrated Circuits, The Microelectronics Field, IC Production Process, Processing Steps, Packaging and Testing, MOS Processes, NMOS Process, CMOS Process, Bipolar Technology, Hybrid Technology, Design Rules and Process Parameters.

UNIT II 
Device Modeling Dc Models, Small Signal Models, MOS Models, MOSFET Models in High Frequency and small signal, Short channel devices, Sub threshold Operations, Modeling Noise Sources in MOSFET’s, Diode Models, Bipolar Models, Passive component Models.

UNIT III 
Circuit Simulation Introduction, Circuit Simulation Using Spice, MOSFET Model, Level 1 Large signal model, Level 2 Large Signal Model, High Frequency Model, Noise Model of MOSFET, Large signal Diode Current, High Frequency BJT Model, BJT Noise Model, Temperature Dependence of BJT.

UNIT IV 
Structured Digital Circuits and Systems Random Logic and Structured Logic Forms, Register Storage Circuits, Quasi Static Register Cells, A Static Register Cell, Micro coded Controllers, Microprocessor Design, Systolic Arrays, Bit-Serial Processing Elements, Algotronix.

UNIT V
CMOS Processing Technology Basic CMOS Technology, A Basic n-well CMOS Process, Twin Tub Processes, CMOS Process Enhancement, Interconnects and Circuit Elements, Layout Design Rules, Latch up,  Physical Origin, Latch up Triggering, Latch up Prevention, Internal Latch up Prevention Techniques.  




                                             EC-706 Minor Project and Seminar   
The student should select a topic (from the subjects he has studied so far or any topic related to real life
problem). He should do the literature survey, analyze the problem and propose some solution for the same.
He should prepare a detailed (typed) report regarding the topic and should present the same with the help
of power point presentation at the end of the semester. The analysis of the problem may be done with the
help of some software or any hardware (which may be made by the student).                                                



                                                 EC-707 Industrial Training   
Duration: 4 weeks after the VI semester in the summer break. Assessment in VII semester.
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
For the assessment of industrial training undertaken by the students, following components are considered
with respective weightage.
 
A) Term work In Industry Marks allotted
1. Attendance and General Discipline    05
2. Daily diary Maintenance     05
3. Initiative and Participative attitude during training  05
4. Assessment of training by Industrial Supervisor/s  15
Total        30
(B) Practical/Oral Examination (Viva-voce In Institution Marks allotted
1. Training Report      20
2. Seminar and cross questioning (defense)  30
Total        50

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